審議式民主在民主教育的實踐

The Practice of Deliberative Democracy in Democratic Educ

民主教育旨在提升學習者的民主知識、民主素養以及民主技能，因此民主教育的實施內容，除了民主知識之外，亦應以適當方式增進受教者民主素養及民主技能。綜合理論及實踐經驗，透過參與民主審議的審議式民主，是其中一種可行的民主教育方式。審議式民主除了使參與者藉由參與不同的民主模式而重新評價民主，提升對民主活動的參與動機，亦可使其學習參與審議、問題解決，以及分析討論公共政策議題。然而，從民主教育的觀點來看，審議式民主也有一些隱憂，包括給予閱讀的資料是否中立、參與者是否都能理性討論、參與者是否都有議論能力、參與者的代表性與人數等問題。對此，欲以審議式民主實施民主教育的教育工作者及希望推廣審議式民主之團體與政府機關，可以下列方式處理問題：第一，提醒參與者，應認知資料與專家的說法未必中立，自己才是討論與決策的主體，應具有批判思考與獨立思考的能力。第二，應鼓勵參與者發言。試著從書寫帶動自己對討論議題的思考，或以發言單寫下個人意見後，與其他參與者交流意見。第三，提醒參與者，每個人(包括自己)都可能受到私利、偏見和意識形態的影響，所以應包容差異、寬容異議，彼此相互尊重。第四，提醒參與者，審議式民主並不強求共識，而且不只重視共識結果，也看重溝通過程。第五，考慮實施審議式民調，可參考瑞士科技評估委員會的做法，以使審議式民主之民主教育功能，能普及更多人民。

Democratic education aims at promoting the democratic knowledge，democratic literacy， and democratic skills of the students. Hence， the practical contents of democratic education shall adapt proper methods to enhance their democratic literacy， and democratic skills besides democratic knowledge. Deliberative democracy， which emphasizes both theory and practical participation of democratic deliberation， is aworkable method. By participating in different models of democracy， the participants can reevaluate democracy as well as the way to participate in deliberation， problem solving，and how to analyzing issues of public policies.However， from the perspective of democratic education one may discover some malaises， such as the neutrality of the provided reading material， the possibility of rational discussions among participants， their discoursing ability， and representativeness of the participants and their numbers. Accordingly， educators who try to give deliberativedemocratic training and the organizations as well as the governmental institutes which wish to promote deliberative democracy may deal with these problems with the following methods. First， We should remind the participants that the provided material and the reasoning of the experts may not necessarily be neutral， and that they shall acknowledge themselves as the subjects of discussion， shall have critical and independent thinking.Second， We should encourage the participants to speak and take note of the important ideas of others. They shall try to organize their ideas by writing them down， and to share with others by using the opinion sheet. Third， We should bremind the participants thateveryone (including themselves) might be influenced by private interests， bias， and ideology. They shall learn to tolerate differences and different opinions， and respect each other. Fourth， We should remind the participants that deliberative democracy does not insist on forming consensus. Rather， communication is more emphasized. Fifth， We should consider carrying out deliberative poll or referring to the Technological Review Committee of Switzerland， so that the educational function of deliberative democracy can be fulfilled by more people.