加州大学伯克利分校大科学的发展及其对大学内涵的影响

The Development of Big Science in University of California Berkeley and Its Impact on the Idea of the University

20世紀30年代加州大學伯克利分校“大科學”學科組織的誕生，標志著美國大學物理學科從學科知識和文化的輸入國轉變為輸出國。本文論述了大科學學科組織興起的背景和運作方式，闡述了慈善基金會對大科學研究的影響以及美國大學在大科學領域的優勢。從小科學向大科學轉換過程中，傳統大學理念遭遇新的挑戰:物理學家以犧牲高深學問為代價，致力于回旋加速器的技術發展；大學物理學家是學者的社團，轉變為企業家型科學家；大科學組織內部形成等級較為森嚴的制度，年輕科學家的學術自治無法得到有效的保護。

The discipline organization of “ Big Science” emerged in the 1930s， which marked the physics subject in American universities turned importer into exporter of knowledge and culture. This article discusses the background and operation of the discipline organization of Big Science， and elaborates the influence of Charity Foundation on the research of Big Science and the advantage of American universities in this field. In the course of transiting from Small Science to Big Science， the traditional university idea was encountered with new challenges: physicists are dedicated to the technologic development of cyclotron at the cost of sacrificing advanced knowledge; University physicists change from group of scholars into entrepreneurial scientists; a more strict hierarchy is formed within the organization of Big Science and academic autonomy o f young scientists cannot be effectively protected.