分類學與類型學:國外高校分類研究的兩種范式

Taxonomy and Typology : Two Paradigms in Overseas Researches on Classification of Higher Education Institutions

國外高校分類研究通常遵循兩種范式:一是分類學，屬經驗體系，一般采用實證研究方法和聚類分析技術，用以描述高等教育發展現狀、評價高校表現，展現高校有限維度的特征;二是類型學，屬概念體系，主要運用思辨研究方法和理想類型法，往往以調整高等教育結構、預測高等教育趨勢和探索高等學校本質為研究指向，多維度地描繪高等教育的結構關系。兩種研究范式各有長短，因固有的互補性聯系而常為國外學界所混合。理解這兩種高校分類研究范式的適用情況對我國相關研究具有重要的啟示意義。

Oversea studies on classification of colleges and universities usually follow two paradigms : firstly， taxonomy， as an empirical system， commonly applies empirical research methods and cluster analysis to describe the status of higher education and to evaluate performance of HEIs. It aims to reveal the characteristics of universities in limited dimensions ; secondly， typology， as a conceptual system， mainly uses speculative research methods and ideal type to adjust the structure of higher education， to predict its trends and to explore its nature， multi-dimensionally displaying the structural relationship between HEIs. Both Paradigms have its own advantages and disadvantages， and are often blended by foreign scholars because of their complementary inherent linkages. The study has important implications when showing the similarities and differences between these paradigms.