高贵的爱弥尔:鲁索的教育样板

Noble Emile:Rousseau s Educational Model

鲁索政治哲学的一个重要主题，是以自然状态作为参照系，从根本上探寻人道层面内人性自由与幸福朝向自然状态可能达到的最高限度，从而展示出一个样板人生。为此，鲁索开始了两个方面的宏大规划:一方面，通过公意社会的设计，旨在实现普遍的自由;另一方面，鲁索开始爱弥尔的教育方案，以预防自由社会的普遍堕落。不过，爱弥尔并非要通过教育培养成一个自然状态中的自然人，而是要成为一个处在公民社会内又独立于社会意见外的自足与幸福的人，一个区别于哲人、基督徒和好公民的高贵的人，以纠正公意社会可能出现的低等人的普遍统治。尽管爱弥尔的教育成功存在很多偶然，但这并不重要，重要的是我们需要保持鲁索式的追问，保持哲学的探索。

One of the most important themes in Rousseau s political philosophy is to explore the topmost reach of humanity s freedom and eudemonia in nature state， and thus to present an exemplary life. In order to achieve this， Rousseau began two grand plans: a design of public-will society to realize general freedom and Emile s education to prevent the general degeneration of free society. But Rousseau did not intend to educate Emile to be a natural person in primitive state， but to be a self-contained and happy person， who stands in a citizen society but independent of social opinions. He is educated to be a noble person， different from philosopher， Christian or good citizen， to prevent the public-will society from the general rule by the low-class men. It is not the success of Emile’s education， by chance or not， that matters; what’s important is that we must keep Rousseau’s questioning and philosophical pursuing.