高校学生发展影响因素的探索性研究

An Exploratory Study on Factors Influencing the Development of College Students

本文利用“中国大学生就读经验”问卷调查数据，采用多层线性模型的方法探讨了学校因素和学生因素对大学生发展的影响路径，得出三个结论：（1）大学生的通识能力、科技能力、实践能力和社会性发展以及大学学习总成就存在着显著的群体差异（如性别、专业和父母学历等）。（2）如果不考虑学校环境变量，大学生在校期间在图书馆、课堂学习、生师互动、同伴交往等方面的学习参与对他们的发展基本上具有正向的显著影响，而且它们是影响大学生学习成就与发展的主要因素。（3）学校环境对大学生发展的影响并非无足轻重，它一般通过学生个体层面的变量对学生发展产生积极的或负向的影响。从这些结论得出三点启示：（1）高校的教育行为和教育资源应更多地投放到那些能够促进学生在校期间的学习参与有关的活动、课程、项目和办学条件上。（2）高校在设计校园学习环境时，应该了解不同导向的环境通过大学生学习参与对其发展可能会产生的积极影响或消极影响。（3）从大学生变化与发展的角度考量高校人才培养质量，主要是要研究“学校培养”对“人才质量”的影响。尤其需要尽量排除大学生发展可能受到来自学校之外的因素的影响，探究学校教育对学生发展的“纯影响”。

Based on the data of Chinese College Student Experience Survey， We have studied the way how factors including those from colleges & universities and students affect the development of college students with the method of hierarchical linear model (HLM) and drawn three conclusions：(1)College students' abilities of general knowledge， science & technology， and practice vary significantly between groups (classified by gender， major and education of their parents) as well as their social development and learning achievements; (2)Without the consideration of school environmental factor， college students' involvements in libraries， classes， teacher-student interactions and intercommunications with others， regarded as a major factor influencing their achievements and development， has clear positive effects on the development of them; (3)The environment of college and universities， also of importance to student development， has positive or negative effects on student development with factors from students. From these foregoing conclusions， we have gained the following enlightenments: (1)Educational behaviors and resources of colleges & universities should focus on activities， courses， programs and conditions in connection with the purpose of promoting students' learning at school;(2)Colleges and universities should learn positive or negative impacts that different environments may have on student development when designing campus environment; (3)Colleges and universities should pay close attention to the effect of education on the quality of students from the view of changes and development of them. Moreover， in order to study the net effects of college education on the development of students， influence of factors outside the college should be left out of account to the greatest extent.