学校教育对收入分配正义的作用——基于运气均等主义的实证研究

Effects of Schooling on Income Distributive Justice: An Empirical Study from the Luck Egalitarian Perspective

学校教育在收入分配正义中究竟扮演什么角色？是改善还是恶化？为了回应这一问题，本研究借鉴最近兴起的、并逐渐在分配正义领域占据统领地位的运气均等主义理论，尝试在正义的视野下，来构建学校教育影响收入分配的理论模型。将学校教育的作用分解为两部分:一是作为原生运气影响收入的中介作用，这一作用被认为是“非正义”的；二是作为选择运气影响收入分配的中介作用，这被认为属于正义的范畴。本文进一步将这一理论模型转换为实证模型，并应用CHNS数据进行测算。研究结果发现，在中国改革开放的过程中，学校教育对收入分配的这两种作用都有所表现，并都得到强化。尤其是前者，学校作为维持和传承原生禀赋分配不平等的中介机制作用得到快速的强化，这是由于原生运气在学校教育分配中的作用趋于强化的缘故。因此要纠正这一现象，使学校教育成为人们发挥自身意志和努力，改善未来经济生活的开放道路，首要的条件是应当保障学校教育自身的分配正义。

What are the effects o schooling on the income distribution from the justice perspective? This study attempts to establish a theory model to make a response， based on the distributive justice theories of luck egalitarians. First， the effects of schooling were separated into two parts. One is the effect resulting from Brute luck which is considered unjust. Brute luck refers to those factors which are out of the individual’s control and should not be the individual’s responsibility. The other is the effect resulting from Option luck which is considered s just. Option luck refers t those factors which are under the control o individual and belong to individual’s responsibility. Second， path analysis modeling was utilized to estimate the two parts of schooling effects on income distribution justice from 1991 to 2006 in China with CHNS dataset. We find both the effects on income through schooling， as the mediator of Brute luck and Option luck， increased， indicating that schooling effects as just and unjust were both strengthened. However， the former was faster because of the increasing effect of the Brute luck on schooling. Therefore， in order to make schooling as the route to enhancing the distributive justice of income， as the way to improving economic life in the future through efforts and choices by the individuals themselves， we should actualize the distributive justice of schooling itself.