钱穆论政学关系

Qian Mu on the Relationship between State and Education

国家和教育的关系，一直是教育的核心议题之一，也是近代中国争论不休的问题。本文以著名学者钱穆的著作为中心，考察钱穆对中国历代政学关系的看法。钱穆的主要论点是:中国社会长期存在一个社会自由教育的传统，历代政府对于民间私办教育多半采取优容态度。学术领导政治，更是中国历代政府的特色;学人的统治，从汉代以来形成中国政治的独特格局。在政和学的密切联系中，＂道统尊于政统＂、\＂师统尊于君统＂，又是宋明以来儒者的主张。立基于这样的文化传统，钱穆反对近代中国政府干预教育，呼吁应当给予教育独立自主的空间。钱穆的论述，显示出近代中国盛行一时的教育独立主张，不止是欧美思潮影响下的产物，也有其来自中国文化传统的源头。

The relationship between state and education is an important issue and modern Chinese scholars got into intensive arguments regarding the issue. This paper aims to investigate opinions of a famous scholar， Qian Mu， about the relationship between the state and education in Chinese history through his works. Qian pointed out that there is a long-term free tradition of education in the Chinese society. Educated scholars being leaders in politics was a tradition in China which started from Han Dynasty. Since then the tradition had become a distinctive feature in Chinese history. The Confucians from Sung to Ming supported such ideas that cultural or orthodox tradition should receive more respect than political one and that the teacher's legitimacy should receive more respect than the monarchical one. Base on such a cultural tradition， Qian criticized the increased interference and control of the modem Chinese government to its education. He was to appeal for a freedom of education， and it meant an independent and self-controlled role of education. A rising demand for an independence of education is becoming increasingly popular among modem Chinese scholars who were educated overseas. Therefore such demand seems a result of the current of western thoughts. However， Qian's studies indicated a Chinese tradition of independent education. At last， Qian concluded both western and Chinese traditional origins of the independence of education.