臺灣經濟弱勢青少年的自我概念、自我效能與生活滿意度之潛在類別

Latent Classes of Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy, and Life Satisfaction in Economically Disadvantaged Taiwanese Youths

本研究以家扶基金會建置的「臺灣貧窮兒少資料庫」之「研究所以下、國中七年級以上及非在學的青少年」為對象所得之3,692筆調查資料為分析目標，選擇自我效能、自我概念與生活滿意度三個有層級關係的變項，以適用多分題的mixed Rasch model為分析模式，探討這些經濟弱勢青少年可能存在的潛在類別，希冀能為社會福利機構提供協助經濟弱勢青少年的具體建議。分析顯示：一、三變項之量表總分分布類似常態分布，信度與效度指標理想；二、潛在類別分析發現此3,692位作答者可分成五大潛在類別，本研究依其典型範例的特徵命名為：「悠然自得型」、「懷才不遇型」、「中庸之道型」、「牢騷滿腹型」及「樂天知足型」；三、各類別在自我效能、自我概念與生活滿意度變項上各有不同特徵，這些特徵也部分顯現在各類別的題目難度上；四、各類別的題目難度估計值之適配度指標大多落在理想範圍內；五、各類別的題目之閾難度分布以類別「懷才不遇型」呈現較集中的趨勢，可能與作答傾向選擇極端答案有關。文末提出五項建議：一、優先關注低生活滿意度的經濟弱勢青少年；二、提升經濟弱勢青少年協助系統的社會支持；三、強化現有協助系統內的情感性支持；四、探究經濟弱勢青少年不同潛在類別的成因；五、追蹤答題傾向與心理特質的關連性。

This study is designed to fit the mixed Rasch model to discover the latent classes on self-concept (SC), self-efficacy (SE), and life satisfaction (LS) using the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth Living in Poverty. The effective sample size is 3,692. Data-analyzing results indicate that: (1) The distributions of the sum scores of all three scales are roughly similar to normal distribution, and related reliability and validity indexes are acceptable; (2) The best solution of the mixed Rasch modeling is 5-class, and these classes are named as “low-pressure class,” “under-achieving class,” “middle-of-the-road class,” “full-of-complaints class,” and “happy-go-lucky class;” (3) The features of these classes on SC, SE, and LS are different, and some features can be seen in item difficulties; (4) Most of the item fit indexes fall within the acceptable range; and (5) The distribution of item threshold difficulties of “under-achieving class” seems to be narrower than the other classes, and “extreme response style” is a possible explanation. Based on these results, five suggestions are proposed: (1) Give priority to economically disadvantaged youths with low LS; (2) Enhance social support of the current economically disadvantaged youths supporting system; (3) Strengthen emotional support of the current supporting system; (4) Investigate the causes of formation of different latent classes in economically disadvantaged youths; and (5) Trace the connection between response tendency and psychological traits in economically disadvantaged youths.