加拿大高等教育政策與財政之發展

Developments of Higher Education Policy and Finance in Canada

加拿大高等教育目前以私有化、市場化、強調品質、增加國際化為主要政策導向，基本上由省政府負責，所有公立大學皆為公立省級大學，除了宗教大學以外，較少有私立大學。自1990年後，加拿大聯邦政府開始縮減對於大學經費的補助，但並不表示政府的影響力退出大學機構。相反地，政府可以透過高等教育財政政策，將大學機構描述成「具備資格可獲得政府補助」，藉以強化對於大學機構的監管。同時，因來自於政府部門的收入減少，加拿大大學機構將焦點轉移到招募國際學生作為機構策略，國際學生的學費成為目前加拿大高等教育財政穩定的因素，一方面招募國際學生可補足原先國內對高等教育的需求空白，另一方面國際學生學費定價由市場機制決定，並不受加拿大聯邦政府管控。本研究獲致三點結論：一、加拿大高等教育公共資金仍然扮演強勢主導地位；二、加拿大高等教育財政穩定來自於招募國際學生；三、加拿大為確保高等教育的公共性，聯邦政府對於學生財政援助提供稅務的減免與資金的擔保。

Canadian higher education is now privatized, market-oriented, and with an emphasis on quality and increasing internationalization as the main policy directions. Since 1990, the federal government has reduced university funding, but this does not mean that government influence has been withdrawn from university institutions, rather it can be strengthened through higher education fiscal policy that describes university institutions as eligible for government funding. At the same time, as revenues from government departments have declined, Canadian higher education institutions have shifted their focus to recruiting international students, and international student fees are currently responsible for the financial stability of Canadian higher education. The study concludes with three points: 1. public funding for Canadian higher education remains strong; 2. the financial stability of Canadian higher education comes from the recruitment of international students to fill the original demand at the domestic university level; 3. to ensure the publicity of higher education, the Canadian federal government offers tax reduction and fund assurance for Canadian university students.