从美国的判例看教师的教学自由及其限度

Teachers' Freedom of Teaching and Its Restriction According to Judicial Precedents in US

美国宪法并没有明确规定教师的教学自由。美国的教学自由是由法院透过一系列的判例所确立的。在多数案件中，法院会援引宪法第一条修正案来保护教师的教学自由。不过，在判决中法院并非总是站在教师这一边，而是会同时兼顾政府和学校的管理权力。从实务上看，教师“教什幺”和“怎幺教”的自由，虽然均被法院宽泛地纳入到宪法的保障范围之内，但也存在着较多的限制。

Although the Constitution of the United States of America makes no mention of teachers' freedom of teaching, teachers' freedom of teaching has practically been established by a series of judicial precedents. In most cases, the court would invoke the First Amendment to protect teachers' freedom of teaching, but in some cases, the court would take account of the administrative power of government and schools instead of always standing on the teachers' side. In fact, teachers' freedom of “what to teach” and “how to teach” is closely guaranteed by the Constitution, but restrictions also exist in company with the freedom.