论德国高等学校科研经费筹措的现状、问题和对策

On the Current Situation, Problems and Countermeasures of Research Funding of German Higher Education Institutions

德国高等学校的科研经费制度是由基本资助和科研项目资助组成的双轨制，第三管道经费来源多样化且极富特色。德国高等学校科研经费筹措中的主要问题是：与非大学系统相比，高等学校的科研竞争力有所下降；宏观和微观方面的科研资助组织体系尚不够健全；科研经费管理制度缺乏一定的灵活性。当前德国高等学校科研经费筹措的主要改革举措包括：逐步增加高等学校科研经费投入的数量和比例，促进地区和高等学校间科研经费投入的均衡化，促进科研直接成本和间接成本的相匹配并提高使用效率。

Dual funding system is the essential research funding system of German higher education institutions which consists of basic funding and research project funding. The third party funding contains various sources. The problems in research funding faced by German higher education institutions are that competitiveness of higher education institutions weakens in comparison with non-university sector， the incompleteness of research organization at macro level and micro level as well as the inflexibility of management system of research funding. At present the main countermeasures adopted by German governments and other stakeholders for research funding in higher education institutions include increasing the amount and ratios of research expenditures， facilitating the equal distribution of research funding expenditures and matching the direct research cost and indirect research cost.