《莊子》技藝工夫論之「天人合一」意涵：以心理學詮釋為核心視角

The Meaning of“The Unity of Nature and Human”in Zhuangzi’s Gongfu Theory of Skill: With Psychological Interpretation as the Core Perspective

畢來德持身體現象學進路，專就莊學技藝工夫論提出一套以「機制轉換」（從「人」邁向「天」）為核心的論說。蔡璧名另以跨領域姿態試圖解釋莊學技藝工夫論（從生手到專家）。又森舸瀾將「無為」翻作「ffortless action」，道破莊學工夫論蘊藏生物演化學終極原因之奧秘所在。本文基於上述研究，返歸初心，循其本，直指莊學工夫論要旨乃在「天人合一」，究其實則至少蘊含天人和諧（自然無為）、天人互融、天人一氣、天人互感四種型態，其中又以前兩者為主要核心。本文特持心理學進路來詮釋莊子工夫論「機制轉換」歷程，以「控制歷程vs.自動歷程」二階段論揭示其深層內涵當是從「主客對立」朝向「天人合一」。

With the bodily phenomenological approach, Jean-François Billeter put forward a set of accounts centered on the“changements de régime”(from Human to Nature) on Zhuangzi’s gongfu theory of skill. Bi-Ming Tsai also attempts to explain Zhuangzi’s gongfu theory of skill (from novice to expert) with interdisciplinary integration approach. And Edward Slingerland’s rendition of“wu-wei”as“effortless action”reveals the secret of the ultimate cause of biological evolution implicated implicitly in Zhuangzi’s gongfu theory of skill. Based on the above, this article returns to the roots and points out that the essence of Zhuangzi’s gongfu theory is“the unity of nature and human,”which in fact contains at least four forms: the harmony between nature and human, the intermingling of nature and human, nature and human belonging to Chi, and mutual induction of nature and human, among which the first two are the main core. This article interprets Zhuangzi’s gongfu theory with psychological approach, exporing the“changements de régime”with the two-stage theory of controlled and automatic processing to reveal that its essential connotation is from“the opposition of subject and object”to“the unity of nature and human.”