漢字部首之語意與結構分析及其教學應用：以「艸、木、竹」、「口、言」為例

Semantic and Structural Analyses of Chinese Radicals and Their Pedagogical Applications: Evidence from:‘Cao’,‘Mu’, and‘Zhu’;‘Kou’and‘Yan’

語意偏旁是判斷字義類別的重要線索。同時，作為語意偏旁的部首與其從屬字涵蓋了一套豐富而且複雜的語意網絡（semantic network）。這套系統不僅對分析漢字結構，亦對識字與中文閱讀是重要關鍵。本文探討五個高頻率漢字語意偏旁：「艸」、「木」、「竹」、「口」與「言」的語意網絡。首先分析語意偏旁與從屬字間的語意關係，歸納類別並計算漢字數量，以找出語意網絡中的核心範疇，探討語意網絡的運作特徵。研究發現：（1）「艸」類語意網絡的核心特徵為植物名稱；「木」部漢字涵蓋木製品與植物名稱；「竹」部涉及竹製品。（2）「口」部漢字多表口腔動作；「言」類聚焦在以言語進行的動作，兩類的共同處在於「言語」。（3）數量，植物類語意偏旁著重環境－經驗結構中的物件面向如Pustejovsky的衍生詞彙理論中的「組成」（constitutive）、「產生」（agentive），「功用」（telic），「口」、「言」反映事件結構中的「歷程」（process），從屬字所呈現的面向受到部首的本義限制。本文所提出的語意網絡與核心特徵，帶入語意偏旁與漢字的語意關係，結合範疇化架構與核心特徵統整，有助於提高漢字教學成效。

Semantic radicals serve as important clues for character meaning judgment. Meanwhile, semantic radicals and their derived characters form a rich and complicated semantic network vital for analyzing character construction as well as for character recognition and Chinese reading. This paper investigates the semantic network of the five high-frequency semantic radicals:‘cao’,‘mu’,‘zhu’,‘kou’, and‘yan’. We first examined the relationship between the semantic radical and its derived characters; categorized and counted the characters, and identified core features based on the categorical structure. The findings showed: (1) the semantic network of characters with the radical‘cao’featured plant names;‘mu’characters focused on wooden objects and plant names;‘zhu’characters were mainly about bamboo products. (2) Characters adopting radical‘kou’mostly referred to oral actions, while the‘yan’characters primarily denoted verbal or speech-related acts. The overlapped category of radical‘kou’and‘yan’was speech. (3) According to the quantity of characters, the plant-related radicals were primarily centered on the object aspect in qualia structure (e.g., constitutive, telic, and agentive from Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon Theory).‘Kou’and‘yan’mostly revealed the process in the event structure. It was shown that the core meaning of the semantic radical constrains aspects revealed by the derived characters. The semantic networks and core features proposed in this study incorporate the semantic relationships between semantic radicals and derived characters. By integrating the framework of categorization with the organization of core semantic features, this approach can enhance the effectiveness of Chinese character instruction.