美国研究生贷款政策及其风险探析

A Probe into the U.S. Graduate Student Loans Policy and Its Risks

美国已建立起较为完善的研究生贷款体系，贷款已成为研究生最主要资助方式之一。研究生贷款具有资助对象范围广、资助额度高、资助重点向女性和少数民族弱势群体倾斜、资助力度与学科专业相适应等特点。研究生贷款政策面临的主要风险包括研究生债务负担剧增，学习方式和学位完成率受到影响以及还款拖欠率上升等。美国的经验表明，制定专门的贷款政策、合理运用贷款工具以及完善贷款回收保障措施有助于这一政策的良性发展。

The United States has established a perfect policy system of graduate student loans. Student loans have become the fastest growing source of graduate aid. The loans are characterized by a wide range of potential borrowers， high amount and the variation of distribution by gender， race and field. Risks of graduate student loan policy include the growth of cumulative debt， which might adversely affect degree completion rates and the time needed for degree completion， as a greater share of students attend part-time. In addition， the rising default rate also threatens policy implementation. The experience of the United States shows that the development of specialized graduate student loans policies， the rational use of loan instruments and the improvement of loan repayment measures will promote the sound development of the graduate student loans policy.