美国高校借贷体制管窥

On the University Loan System in the United States

美国高校贷款始于20世纪30年代，在将近半个世纪的发展演变中逐渐形成了由政府出面向财政部贷款，然后由政府以项目或计划的名义转贷给高校这样的一种政策性贷款形式。在20世纪70年代后，随着高校贷款规模的不断扩大以及美国经济建设重心的转移，美国高校贷款又转变成了以商业性贷款机构和地方政府为主体的联邦政府担保的贷款形式。到上世纪90年代初，美国各高校为了解决债务问题又纷纷实行了教育券等融资形式。美国高校借贷体制在不断发展和变化中形成了自己的特点。通过美国高校贷款办学的历史演变和借贷体制的梳理和分析，我们可以得到探索和完善我国高校贷款体制的有益启示。

Universities began to obtain loans in the United States in the 1930s. After a half-century of development and evolution， it has developed into a kind of policy loan that the government directly obtains from the Ministry of Finance in the name of projects or programs and then transfers to the university. After 1970s， with the expansion of university loans and the diversion of the priority of national economic development， university loan has began to make another form， with commercial leading institutions and local governments playing leading roles under the guarantee of the federal government. Until the early 1990s， in order to solve the debt problem， American colleges and universities had carried out other forms of financing， such as school vouchers. The loan system of American universities has gradually formed its own characteristics through the course of developing and changing. By analyzing the evolution of the system， the author hopes to provide some insight on the improvement of loan system in Chinese universities.