师范生免费教育中的招生与就业制度设计

The Design of Admission and Employment Policies for Students in Free Normal Education

与计划经济体制时期和精英教育阶段相比，当前我国实施师范生免费教育的现实约束条件已截然不同。从教育经济的视角来看，报考师范专业的生源数量和质量，主要决定于个人进行师范教育投资的成本─收益比较，这种比较基于三方面进行：第一，享受免费教育的师范生的就业和未来的职业发展状况；第二，师范生享受的权利与义务的权衡；第三，放弃报考师范专业的机会成本。作为一个典型的转轨经济体，当前我国的收入分配存在着明显的城乡差异、地区差异、行业差异和职业差异，只有正视这些差异进行适当的就业和待遇设计，才能对报考师范专业行为产生持续的激励，也才能真正吸收有志优秀青年投身于教育。

There used to be effective restraining conditions to implement free normal university in the planned economy period and the elite higher education period. However， such conditions are no longer feasible under the present circumstances. From the perspective of economics of education， both quantity and quality of prospective students for free normal education main depends on the cost─benefit effectiveness of individual investment in this type of education. For those prospective students， such effectiveness mainly refer to three aspects：the prospect of employment and career development， the balance between rights and responsibilities， and the opportunity coast for giving up non─normal majors. As a typical transitional economy， China exhibits marked urban─rural， regional， industrial and professional disparities in personal income. Policies incentives needs to consider these disparities in order to provide sustained support for free normal education.