福澤諭吉「國民論」的疏漏與補救以及對公民教育的啟發

The Oversights and Remedies of Fukuzawa Yukichi’s“Theory of Nationalism Citizen”and the Inspiration for Civic Education

福澤諭吉在日本現代化歷程，被尊稱為明治維新國民導師，並持續影響日後日本公民教育的發展，特別受到丸山真男的重視，不過其「一身獨立、一國獨立」的教育理想，卻也間接促成「一身獨大、一國獨大」的日本軍國主義。本文嘗試點出福澤諭吉「國民論」的疏漏，並論述京都學派對其修補而完成明治武士公民化的歷程。福澤諭吉的「國民論」不僅對明治日本武士有深遠的影響，也對當時的中國知識分子公民化影響非淺，成為往後東亞地區繼受西方公民教育的典型，深深影響東亞地區的公民教育發展。因此，本文希望藉由對於福澤諭吉「國民論」疏漏與補救的論述，反思當前公民教育的發展。

Fukuzawa Yukichi（福澤諭吉）was honored as the national mentor of the Meiji Restoration during his modernization in Japan, and continued to influence the development of Japanese civic education in the future. He was especially valued by Maruyama Masao（丸山真男）, but his educational ideal of“independence for person and then independence for country”also indirectly influenced the development of Japanese civic education, and unexpectedly promoted the development of Japanese militarism. This article attempts to point out the omissions in Fukuzawa Yukichi's“National Theory”, and discusses the course of the Kyoto School's repairs to complete the Meiji Samurai citizenization. Yukichi Fukuzawa's“National Theory”not only had a profound impact on the Meiji Japanese samurai, but also had a profound impact on the citizenship of Chinese intellectuals at that time. Therefore, this article hopes to reflect on the current development of civic education by discussing the oversights and remedies in Fukuzawa Yukichi's“theory of nationalism citizen”.