教育科学的因果推论：困境与超越

Causal Effects in Educational Science:Predicament and Solutions

教育要成为一门科学，需要引入科学的研究范式，以探求教育领域的因果关系为研究目的。然而，教育科学作为一门社会科学，难以像自然科学那样采取实验的方法获得因果推论。本文通过探讨自然科学和社会科学中的因果推论的获得方式，进一步分析在社会科学中获得因果推论所面临的问题和困境，以及相应的科学与统计的解决方法，指出教育科学中获得因果推论要注意的几点问题。

For education to be a science, the scientific research paradigm needs to be introduced for exploring causal relationships in education. However, it is more difficult to conduct experiments for causal inferences in education, a social science, than in natural sciences. This paper describes means to obtain causal inferences in natural sciences and social sciences and discusses difficulties in making causal inferences in social sciences and possible solutions.