美国医学课程改革历程中批判性思维教学的变迁及其启示

Critical Thinking Instruction in the History of Medical Curriculum Reform in the United States: Evolution and Implications

批判性思维是医生正确决策的关键。医学教育是批判性思维习得的一个重要的环节。从1871年到今天，美国医学教育改革历程中出现了六种典型的课程模式。这些课程模式中批判性思维教学的变迁为我国医学院校推进批判性思维教学提供了参考:全面、系统、相关的医学课程内容不断拓展批判性思维的深度和广度；医学专家型思维模式确定批判性思维认知技能的培养方向；多样化的教学策略促进批判性思维技能的发展;教师的榜样作用引导批判性思维的情感倾向。

Critical thinking is crucial for proper diagnosis of a doctor. Medical education plays a vital role in developing a doctor's capability for critical thinking. In the history of medical curriculum reform in the United States， six curriculum models have be established， including apprenticeship-based model， discipline-based model， system-based model， case-based model， clinical presentation -based model and ＂Genes to Society＂ model. The comprehensive， systematic and interrelated content of medical curriculum enhances the depth and width of critical thinking; the thinking mode of medical experts is the objective of students' cognitive skill cultivation; diversified pedagogies promote the development of critical thinking skill; teachers play an inspirational role in developing the disposition of critical thinking.