学校、学科、学生:200年德国古典大学模式的肇创与流变

Schools，Subjects，and Students:200-Year History of Initiation and Development of the Classical University Module

随着大众化、市场化、全球化对高等教育的冲击，德国高等教育正进行着一场革命。这是自19世纪初柏林大学建立以来，最巨大的变革。它肇始于上世纪60年代，在推进“博洛尼亚进程”中得以深化与扩散。面对此变局，我们不由得想探寻一下200年前形成的制度安排是如何在演化与变迁中延续与变化的？本文从德意志邦联时期开始，以政府更替作为阶段标志，梳理了德国高等教育制度的演化过程，试图勾画出200年德国高等教育的发展与变革之路。

Under the impact of popularization，marketization，and globalization of higher education， the higher education in Germany is undergoing a great revolution. It is the most tremendous change the system has ever experienced since its birth in the early 19th century. It began in the 1960s and had the opportunity to be deepened and developed during the Bologna Process. Confronted with the mobile situation， we cannot help wondering how the institutional arrangement has continued and adjusted itself during the 200-year evolution. Starting from the German Confederation Period (characterized by the regime change)，this article summarizes the evolution of the German higher education. It tries to picture the roadmap of German higher education' evolvement and reform in the past 200 years.