中国近代学官传统的赓续及影响

Perpetual Influence of the Legacy of Education Officials in Modern China

学官是中国传统社会主管学务的官员和官学教师。中国19世纪末20世纪初发生的“废科举、兴学堂”运动促使社会结构与教育系统发生重要改变，教育行政职能也随之变化。晚清政府出现的视学、劝学员，民国时期的视学、辅导员，及老解放区的巡视员、辅导员都在一定程度上继承了学官的传统：监督或研究、指导学务，并向上级行政部门负责。这一教育行政、研究指导职能“两栖化”的现象对理解当今督学、教研员的职能有所启示。

In traditional Chinese society, education officials were those in charge of education administration or those who served as teachers in government-run schools. In the late nineteenth century, a movement to "abolish the Imperial Examinations and popularize modern schools" had brought about important changes in the social structure and education system. Change in educational administration ensued. Transformation notwithstanding, the legacy of education officials had been inherited by holding a myriad of position in different historic periods; inspectors (shixue) and education promoter (quanxueyuan) in the late Qing period; supervisors and counselors (fudaoyuan) in the Republican period; and monitors (xunshiyuan) and counselors in the Old Liberated Areas. The functions of education officials were to supervise, investigate, and guide work in education, and report to the supervising government bureaus. This allowed education officials to play a dual role in education administration and in research and guidance. This paper demonstrates that an understanding of their dual role can provide insights into the functions of inspectors and teaching research officers in contemporary China.