日本私立大學退場機制現況之探討   免費試閱

A Study on Current Situation of Withdraw Mechanism for Private University in Japan

日本的私立大學向來在高等教育上扮演重要的角色，但隨少子女化與經濟不景氣，「退場」遂成為校方與政府的一個選項。本研究主要透過文獻研究法，其目的在於探討日本四年制私立大學退場發生的背景與現況、法律規定、行政措施與個案成因。結論如下：一、日本輔導與監督私立大學的政策工具相當多樣，例如政府補助金、經營預警指標、經營諮詢、行政指導、解散命令等；二、大學經營預警制度確有其必要性。日本私立學校振興‧共濟事業團建構出計量式的經營預警指標，成為政策工具；三、日本雖然有「民事再生」的法律規定，可防止私立大學立即破產，但效果有限制性；四、日本政府將維護學生受教權列為首要，但維護教職員工作權的措施相對不足。給予台灣的重要啟示如下：一、考慮建立大學經營預警制度；二、退場方式可增加選擇；三、對於學生與教師的權益應同時列為首要項目。

Private universities have been playing an important role in Japan’s higher education system. Facing the crises of low-birth rate and continuing economic recession, university exit became one of options both in government level and university level. Through documentary analysis, this paper explored research purposes including the background, law regulation, governmental policies and reasons concerned with withdraw mechanism of private universities in Japan. It is concluded as follows: 1. In general, Japan government supports and supervises private universities through various political tools, such as governmental subsidies, alert index system for university management, service of consulting on management, administrative advice, and dissolution order. 2. It is necessary to establish alert index system for university management. In the case of Japan, the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan also developed an alert index system for university management. 3. Civil rehabilitation proceedings could prevent private universities from immediate bankruptcy, but there is no guarantee to be successful in the future due to continued economic recession. 4. Students’ rights of education are guaranteed while employment interests of teachers and staff cannot be protected, if universities are forced to dismiss. There are three implications for Taiwan’s higher education system as follows: 1. It is about time to establish alert index system for university management. 2. When a university is facing management crisis, there should be more options for withdraw instead of immediate bankruptcy only. 3. Both students’ and teachers’ interests should be guaranteed firstly.