私有化与美国高等教育财政的新趋势

Financial trends in higher education: the united states

1990年以来，私有化成为美国高等教育发展的主流趋势。众多大学热衷于资助与企业合作的教育研究项目，并且积极参与商业活动。在高等教育领域中，营利性大学呈现出最为积极的发展态势。此外，各种形式的学生经济资助力度的加大使得美国高等教育财政发生了翻天覆地的变化。对于公立和私立大学而言，私有化均意味着市场力量的大力介入。本文从以下三个视角审视美国高等教育财政的发展变化：考察1990年以来高等教育私有化的宏观发展趋势，分析该时期高等教育在校生规模、大学学费及其收入支出的变化趋势，研究当前经济危机对公立和私立高等教育部门产生的影响。大学学费的稳步增长使美国高等教育财政由政府资助转向学生及其家庭分担。学生经济资助，尤其是联邦学生贷款的大幅增长对美国高等教育财政产生了重要影响，而这种影响作用在私立非营利性大学、公立大学、私立营利性大学的表现是截然不同的。最后，私有化潮流对不同性质高等教育机构的财政及其学术研究产生了不同的动态影响。面对高校收入来源及其总额的变化，美国大学的高度自主特质使得各院校必须独立作出适应，这也由此提升了高校对于市场力量的积极响应。

growing segment of this industry is for-profit， corporate universities. The growth of student financial aid in all its forms has transformed the economics of American higher education. For public and private institutions， privatization has meant increased exposure to market forces.This essay examines developments in the financing of American higher education through three lenses: macro-trends since 1990 in the era of privatization; data on changes during this period; and description of the impact of the current economic downturn on the public and private sectors.It first describes the basic trends in enrollments， revenues and expenditures in institutions of higher education. The steady growth in real tuition prices has shifted the financing of higher education from state support to students and their families. The substantial growth in student financial aid， especially federal student loans has made student financial aid fundamental to the financing of higher education in the United States. However， its impact has been different in the private， non-profit sector， in the public sector， and in the private， for-profit sector. Finally， privatization has assumed quite different dynamics in funding and shaping academic research. The substantial autonomy of institutions of higher education in the United States has allowed them to adapt independently to changes in the sources and magnitudes of income， which has produced heightened responsiveness to market forces.