教育收益视角下研究生资助的专业差异

Graduate student financial aid differences among majors: from the perspective of educational returns

完善研究生资助体系是研究生培养机制改革的一个重要议题。依据成本分担理论，对于不同收益属性的教育应当实施不同的成本分担策略，对于公共受益高私人收益低的教育类型应提供更多的公共资助。本文使用北京大学教育学院2008年首都高校学生发展问卷调查数据，对不同专业在研究生资助分配上的差异性进行了实证研究，并以教育收益的角度对资助分配的合理性予以探讨和分析。研究发现，奖助学金等来自政府和学校层次的经费没有倾向于公共收益高私人收益低的专业，助教、助管和助研资助在专业间的分布基本合理但数额有限。有些公共收益较私人收益高的专业，其研究生教育的净价格反而较高。最后，本文提出应改进研究生资助结构，形成专业差异化资助体系。

Improving postgraduate student financial aid system is an important topic in the reform of postgraduate education. According to the cost sharing theory， student financial aid should be correlated with educational returns. Students from majors of higher public benefit should be compensated by financial aid through public financing. Based on the results of 2008 Beijing College Student Development Survey conducted by the Graduate School of Education of Peking University， this paper studied the differences of financial aid among majors through empirical data， and discussed the rational of financial aid distribution from the perspective of educational returns. The findings include: 1) Students in high-public-return but low-private-return majors received less scholarships and grants， which are primarily composed of public funding. 2) The distribution of teaching assistantships， administration assistantships and research assistantships is reasonable， but the total amount is very limited. 3) The net cost of majors with high-public-return but low-private-return is even higher. Finally， the paper proposes to reform the systems of postgraduate students’ financial aid， optimizing the structure of financial aid.