德国大学的制度结构

The Institutional Structure of German Universities

本文以组织进化理论的眼光审视了德国大学近三百年的发展历程，从中抽象出德国大学作为一种制度的基本规则，并运用横向与纵向的比较和梳理勾勒出德国大学历史发展背后的脉络。本文指出，德国大学的制度核心，即对德国大学系统构成起到基础性作用的制度规则主要是：国家与大学紧密关联，却又不损害大学本身的学术自由；德国大学在知识上具有极大的包容性，并倡导研究与教学相统一；最后，在德国分权化的政治背景下，大学之间的自由竞争推动了德国高等教育的发展。

From the perspective of evolutionary theories of institutions， this essay examined the development of German university in the past three hundred years. Basing on the large amount of historical materials， the author tried to find out the basic rules supporting the “German University” as an institution. Through horizontal and vertical comparisons， the historical development context of German university is outlined. The author argued that the key systems of rules which played a fundamental role in the German university constitution are as follows：Firstly， government and universities were closely linked， but the academic freedom were not endangered; Secondly， the university as an institution was very inclusive in terms of knowledge， and the unity of teaching and research ensured the continuous renewal of knowledge; Finally， in the decentralized political landscape in Germany， the free competition between universities greatly promoted the evolution of higher education.