中国高等教育需求中的城乡差异 — 人力资本与社会资本理论的视角

A Study of the Disparities of Demand for Higher Education in Urban and Rural Regions in China：Perspectives of Human Capital and Social Capital Theory

本文应用人力资本和社会资本理论，探讨了中国高等教育需求中的城乡差异。研究表明：在探制其它因素以后，城乡高中生对高等教育有着同样强烈的需求，但学生的城乡背景与影响高等教育需求的人力资本和社会资本因素之间存在交互作用：（1）当等教育预期收益率较低时，农村学生比城市学生更希望接受高等教育；当高等教育预期收益率较高时，城市学生比农村学生更希望接受高等教育。（2）当家庭网络资源较少时，农村学生比城市学生更希望接受高等教育；当家庭网络资源较多时，城市学生比农村学生更希望接受高等教育。农村低社会经济地位的学生对高等教育的旺盛需求表明，接受高等教育几乎是他们改变其不利社会地位、实现流动的惟一渠道。扩大农村学生的高等教育机会，是改善城乡差异的重要手段。政府应该在教育财政和招生等方面进行制度创新以响应此类教育需求。

Based on the human capital theory and social capital theory， this study analyzes the disparities of demand for higher education in urban and rural regions in China. Holding other things constant， demand for higher education is equally high for students from both urban and rural regions（URR）. However， there exists significant interactions between URR background of students with the human capital and social capital factors in influencing such demand：（1）secondary students from rural regions tend to demand for higher education more strongly than those from urban regions when the expected rate of return is low；but would demand less strongly when expected rate of return is high. （2）secondary students from rural regions tend to demand for higher education more strongly than those from urban regions when the family networking resource is low， but would demand less strongly when the family networking resource is high. To those in lower social economic status， higher education is almost the only channel to change their disadvantage status and realize their social mobility. The Chinese government should response to such demands by innovating the systems of education finance and enrollment.