西方国家高等教育学费政策的变化及其影响 ─ 以英国、澳大利亚、爱尔兰和美国为例

The Changes in Higher Education Tuition in West Countries and Implications ─ The cases of U.K., Australia, Ireland and USA

20世纪90年代以来高等教育学费政策在许多国家发生了很大变化，这些变化对高等教育的发展产生了重要影响。以英国、澳大利亚、爱尔兰和美国为例，英国学费政策实施时间虽短但处于不断调整之中；澳大利亚毕业后付费政策在世界上独树一帜；爱尔兰反其道而行之，取消学费效果最终如何？美国引领世界高等教育潮流，学费不断上涨结果如何？是什么因素影响学费政策的变化？这些国家学费政策变化最终会产生什么影响？

There have been changes in higher education tuition fees in many countries since 1990s， which has great impacts on the development of higher education. The history of tuition fees in the U.K. is short but the policy changes continuously. Australia is unique in tuition fees for its income─contingent student loan. Ireland went to a reversed measure， which abolished the tuition fees. And in the USA the tuition fees increases greatly. What caused these changes in tuition fees in these countries？And what are the outcomes of these changes？