从博弈游戏看儿童经济决策行为的发展

The Development of Chinese Children’s Decision Making in Ultimatum and Dictator Games

国外有研究借助最后通谍（UG）和独裁者博弈（DG）探查了儿童的决策行为，他们发现，随着儿童年龄的增长，他们分配给对方的金额呈上升趋势，即公平和分享行为随年龄增加。儿童的经济决策行为和社会化不可避免要受文化影响。研究探查了中国文化下小学三、六年级、初二、大学一年级四个年龄组学生在最后通谍（UG）和独裁者博弈（DG）中的经济决策行为发展。研究同时比较了个体决策和群体决策的差异。结果发现：儿童在两个博弈中的提议金额都显示出公平和分享行为，随着儿童年龄的增长，儿童在UG和随后进行的DG中的提议分配金额呈减少趋势。这个发现与以往国外研究结果明显不同。两个博弈的顺序对UG没有影响，但对DG有影响；儿童的个体决策和群体决策结果没有显示显著差异。

There are few studies on how Chinese children make decisions. By using the ultimatum game (UG) and dictator game (DG)， previous studies in Western countries found that children offer more as they grow older—in other words， they become increasingly inclined toward fairness. Several studies showed that Chinese children may have a different trajectory with regard to social cognition and social development due to cultural differences. Hence， we hypothesized that Chinese children may differ from thei