瑞典的双生子与子代研究：通过双生子及其家庭来增加对遗传与环境互动的了解

The Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden: Advancing Our Understanding of Genotype-Environment Interplay by Studying Twins and Their Families

双生子及子代研究（TOSS）收集了909对双生子及他（她）们的配偶和他（她）们的青少年子女的数据。设计该项目是为研究以下三个问题：1）遗传与环境是如何影响双生子父母的养育方式的？2）遗传与环境是如何影响成年人的家庭关系的？3）家庭关系是如何影响成年人的心理调适的？由于此研究包括了双生子及其子女，该设计可以与其他研究相比较来具体地分析遗传与环境的关联。此研究的结果有助于厘清遗传与环境在养育方式和家庭关系中的型态，同时也澄清了父母亲个人特征是如何影响他（她）们的养育方式，以及父母的个体特征是如何帮助解释了遗传对家庭关系的影响。此研究今后将进一步分析遗传与环境的关联与互动，以及候选基因与环境的关联与互动。

The Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden (TOSS) is a study of 909 pairs of twins who are parents and includes the twins， their adolescent child and their spouse or partner. The TOSS was designed to address three key questions: (1) what are the genetic and environmental influences on parenting for a sample of twins who are parents; (2) what are the genetic and environmental influences on adult family relationships; and (3) how do family relationships impact the adjustment of adults. Because of the inclusion of the children of twins as well as the twins themselves， the TOSS is able to begin to specify the types of genotype-environment correlation， especially when paired with other studies examining children who are twins. Findings from the TOSS have helped to clarify the types of genetoype environment correlation involved in parenting and other family relationships， have helped to specify how individual characteristics of parents influence their parenting， and how such individual characteristics can explain genetic influences on family relationships. Future directions for analyses using the TOSS include additional specification of genotype-environment correlation， examination of genotype × environment interaction and the analysis of specific genes for associations with the environmental constructs measured in TOSS and specific gene × specific environment interactions.