乐观、悲观倾向与抑郁的关系及压力、性别的调节作用

Optimisn, Pessimism and Depression：The Relations and Differences by Stress Level and Gender

采用问卷法，考察了334名大学生的乐观、悲观两种一般结果期待倾向与其抑郁感受的关系，以及压力水平和性别的可能调节作用。研究结果表明：（1）乐观倾向 、悲观倾向既显著相关又存在相对独立性，二者对于抑郁的作用在强度上有所不同。其中，悲观倾向对于抑郁变异的独立贡献率较高。（2）压力水平是认知倾向与抑郁关系的显著调节因素，主要作用表现为随着压力水平的增高，乐观倾向的保护意义具有增强的趋势。（3）性别也具有一定的调节作用，主要表现在悲观倾向 对于男性大学生抑郁的影响作用更强。特别是在控制压力水平的情况下，性别对于悲观倾向的抑郁关系的调节作用更为明显。

Optimism and pessimism are two dimensions of the generalized outcome expectancies. Precious research has shown their important roles in predicting depression among various populations. Whereas optimism and pessimism were repeatedly revealed as two separate constructs， they were viewed as the bipolar opposites in many previous studies. The present study was aimed to examine if optimism and pessimism had distinct roles in depression among university students. Moreover， the effects of stress level were tested to examine the vulnerability hypothesis about the role of optimism proposed in previous studies. The gender differences in the roles of optimism and pessimism were also examined.