国外防御性悲观研究述评

Review of Foreign Studies on Defensive Pessimism

防御性悲观是指在过去的成就情境中取得过成功，但在面临新的相似的成就情境时仍然设置不现实的低的期望水平并反复思考事情的各种可能结果。它的两个基本成分是消极期望和反思性。国外相关研究主要涉及防御性悲观与乐观、抑郁及自我妨碍等相关概念的比较，并探讨了导致防御性悲观的形成的个人情感动机因素及文化、家庭环境等因素。未来研究可在被试的选择、测量工具的编制和研究范围等方面加以改进，\r并加强跨文化比较研究。

Defensive pessimist is a cognitive strategy whereby certain individuals acknowledge prior success in achievement contexts， yet typically enter new achievement situations with unrealistically low expectations and ruminate about possible outcomes. There are two components underpinning defensive pessimism: defensive expectations and reflectivity. Defensive pessimism is mainly compared in relation to optimism， depression， and self-handicapping. The factors which induce individuals to use this strategy include not only affective and motivational constructs but some cultural and family reasons. Future studies should improve on the research subjects， measurement method， the region of the studies and cross-culture comparison.