智力个体差异研究述评

Individual Difference of Intelligence: Why and Where

智力差异是心理学领域智力研究和个体差异研究的一项重要内容。近年来，研究者对智力个体差异的内在机制从不同角度提出了解释，随着认知领域相应研究的发展，陆续出现了4种研究取向：因素取向、参数取向、策略取向和适应性取向。文章在简要介绍4种取向的内涵、产生的历史背景的基础上，综述了各个取向相关的研究成果，特别是最新进展。已有研究表明，四种取向在解释个体智力差异本质方面都还存在着一定问题，未来的研究需要努力构建比较全面的智力差异理论；从认知加工和神经机制研究相结合的角度恰当解释智力差异；同时加强对非认知因素的关注。

Intellectual individual difference is an important aspect of individual differences. In recent years， with the relative development of cognitive study， researchers have put forward four approaches about individual differences of intelligence: factor approach， parameter approach， strategies approach and adaptive strategy approach. On the basis of discussing the meaning and the historical context related to the four approaches， current research is reviewed. In general， there are some disagreements about aspects of intellectual individual difference. Future study should improve the theoretical construct; relate the brain- mechanism with the cognitive process; and focus on the non-cognitive factor.