实验社会心理学中的社会困境

Advance in Research on Social Dilemmas: Evidence from Experimental Social Psychology

社会困境是指个体理性会导致集体非理性这样的情境。大量实证研究考察社会困境中合作行为的机制，然而缺乏系统的理论框架。实验室研究中所用的社会困境可以从4个方面来分类：“给─游戏”与“拿─游戏”、两人困境与多人困境、对称与非对称困境以及重复与非重复困境。综合而言，以往实验研究主要从个体差异、任务结构以及知觉与策略等3个方面考察影响社会困境的因素，这些影响因素可以整合在一个概念框架中。未来的研究尚需要联合多个学科，澄清研究变量之间的关系，并继续丰富相关概念和理论。

Social dilemmas are situations in which individual rationality leads to collective irrationality. An extensive body of empirical research examines the mechanism of cooperation in social dilemmas， yet lacking systematical theory framework. Structure of social dilemmas in experimental research could be classified into four categories: give-some vs. take-some games， 2-person vs. N-person dilemmas， asymmetric vs. symmetric dilemmas， iterated vs. noniterated dilemmas. Experimental research on social dilemmas mainly examines the factors influencing cooperative behavior in social dilemmas， including individual differences， task structure， and， perceptual and strategical factors. Those factors could be integrated in a conceptual framework. We believe that future research will identify those and other important variables and determine the interrelationship among them， and continue to enrich relevant concepts and theories.