臺灣的升學問題：教育社會學理論與研究之檢討

The Problem of Entering Advanced Schools in Taiwan: A Sociology of Education Review on Theory and Research

在臺灣的教育問題中，升學問題可說是最核心的問題，本文對於過去有關升學問題的教育社會學理論與研究做文獻檢討，試圖釐清升學與相關的教育問題之癥結所在。所得到的結論是：在臺灣社會裡，教育除了可作為提高職業、收入的工具之外，其本身也代表著很重要的社會地位，甚至於比職業、收入還要重要，這也就引發嚴重的升學競爭與壓力，給學生的學業、人格與身心發展帶來許多問題，並給教師與家長增添沉重的負擔。而臺灣許多的教育改革，如廣設高中大學的教育擴充，以及多元入學，除了要滿足強烈的升學需求、降低升學壓力之外，提升「人力素質與經濟發展」與「教育機會均等」，也是重要目的。然而，在制定有關升學問題的教改政策時，所根據的往往是一般印象、考察心得或國外理論，而不一定是嚴謹的國內研究證據與解釋，對於問題的癥結往往理解得不夠。結果，教育急速擴充帶來教育品質下降與高教低就的問題，對於「人力素質與經濟發展」的貢獻也就令人質疑；升學壓力卻延伸至更高層級的升學關卡，也沒提升「教育機會均等」。許多教改政策，不但沒有達成原有目的，往往使問題更加嚴重。

The problem of entering advanced schools is the core of educational problems in Taiwan. This article reviews literature on Sociology of Education theory and research which is related to the problem of entering advanced schools， and tries to clarify the root within the problem of entering advanced schools and related educational problems. The conclusion shows that education in Taiwan not only promotes our occupation and income， but also represents an important social status in itself， which is even more important than the former. Hence， it results in serious competition and pressure of entering advanced schools. For students， it brings many problems， such as their studies， their personality， physical and mental development problems. For teachers and parents， it increases their burden. Therefore， lots of educational reform in Taiwan， such as the educational expansion to senior high schools and universities and multiple entrance program， are to satisfy intensive educational demand and reduce the pressure of entering advanced schools， as well as to promote human capital， economic development and equality of educational opportunity. However， most of educational reform policies are not based on native research but on general impressions or foreign theories. As a result， the rapid educational expansion makes the quality of education worse， brings problems of overeducation， and its contribution towards human capital and economic development is doubtful. The pressure of entering advanced schools extends to higher entrance threshold; besides， it doesn’t promote the equality of educational opportunity. Hence， the root of problem can not be understood and sometimes the educational reform brings more problems than before.