启蒙的技艺：康德教育哲学的难题

Art of Enlightenment：The Puzzle of Kant’s Philosophy of Education

康德的教育理论是建立在整个批判哲学之上的。其教育思想，尤其是道德教育内部存在的冲突，是批判哲学体系本身的内在冲突的反映，更是启蒙理性内部两种原则之间的根本冲突的反映。这种冲突最终表现为理性的自律与其它律之间的矛盾。康德的教育理念，既要求道德教育能够体现出启蒙的自律性原则，又不得不承认其具体的实施始终无法回避他律性的问题，即教育作为单纯的启蒙技艺的问题。最终，康德在道德教育如何可能的问题上不得不诉诸历史理性。

Kant built his educational theory on his whole critical philosophy. The inherent conflict in his educational thought， especially in moral education， reflects the inherent conflict in the system of critical philosophy itself， as well as the fundamental conflict between two principles in the reason of Enlightenment. In essence， this conflict emerges as the contradiction between autonomy and heteronomy of reason. According to Kant’s idea of education， moral education must reflect the autonomy principle of reason of Enlightenment. However， he had to acknowledge that the problem of heteronomy， namely the problem of education as simple art of Enlightenment， couldn’t be avoided in the practice of moral education. At last， Kant had to resort to the reason of history on the problem of how moral education could be.