我国近代工业化进程和职业教育制度嬗变的历史考察

Historical Review of the Process of China's Modern Industrialization and Transition of the Vocational Education System

中国近代的工业化实际上是沿着两条轨迹发展，即移植西方的现代工业和传统手工业的进化并存。中国近代职业教育的产生和初步发展历程可以概括为：「实业学堂的兴办」——「实业教育制度的确立」——「职业教育制度的确立」三个大的过程。而我国的工业化进程是沿着：现代工业移植——手工业改造——区域性的产业集聚的道路演变的。因此，近代职业教育制度嬗变对近代工业化进程有明显的「路径依赖」。近代职业教育嬗变的第一个层面是职业学校的演变，第二个层面是传统手工业的师徒制向工厂师徒制和职业补习教育的演变过程。影响这种路径选择的因素主要是三个方面：一是劳动力结构和就业方式；二是生产力水平和技术构成；三是职业分化和社会分层。推动这一过程的动力是工业化，决定演变模式的根本因素是工业发展的水平。

China's modern industrialization develops on two traces， that is， the transplantation of western modern industry and the evolution of traditional handcraft industry. The process of birth and early growth of China's modern vocational education can be summarized like this: from the initiation of industrial schools to the establishment of industrial education system then to the establishment of vocational education system. Since China's industrialization evolves from the transplantation of western modern industry to transformation of handcraft industry then to regional industry cluster， it is quite clear to see how the transition of China’s modern vocational education depends on the process of industrialization. The first aspect of the transition of China’s modern vocational education is the evolution of vocational school， and the second is the evolution from master-apprentice system of traditional handcraft industry to master-apprentice system of factory and vocational remediation. Three elements have influence on the trace selection. The first is the structure of labor force and the way of employment. The second is the standard of productive forces and the structure of technology. The last is the occupational differentiation and social stratification. It is industrialization that drives this process and the key element which determines the evolution model lies in the standard of industry development.