典範信念量表的發展與效度考驗：後皮亞傑學派取向

Scale Development and Validation of the Paradigm Beliefs Scale: The Post-Piagetian Approach

本研究根據後皮亞傑學派的全人生認知發展觀點，發展測量後形式思考的自陳式量表，提供本土研究社群探討後形式思考的發展、後形式思考與其他發展範疇的關係，以及其對成人生活影響等研究領域一個能夠大規模取樣與方便施測的工具。所編製的典範信念量表，採取強迫選擇方式，每個題目包括反映形式性思考、相對性思考、辯證性思考特徵的敘述句，經由專家評鑑建立預試量表的內容效度，再透過內部一致性、社會期望性等效標進行項目分析後形成正式量表。正式量表的再測信度與內部一致性信度適當，效度考驗指出本量表與教育程度、職業等級、社會期望性無關，測量結果能夠反映三種認知思考的發展趨勢，並且符合整體發展觀所預測之三種認知思考者在同理心發展、創造力表現的差異。本文最後討論未來的效度考驗與研究方向。

This research， based on the life-span cognitive development perspective in post-Piagetian， aimed to develop a self-reported instrument for measuring postformal thinking， which would be appropriate for wildly sampling and convenient usage when domestic research community wants to investigate on the development of postformal thinking， the developmental relationships among postformal thinking and relevant domains， and the impact of postformal thinking on adult everyday lives. The Paradigm Beliefs Scale consists of forced-choice items. Each item includes three belief descriptions that reflect formalistic thinking， relativistic thinking， and dialectical thinking. Content validity was established by the agreement from independent and blinding experts. The initial items were screened by internal consistency and social desirability irrelevancy. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the formal scale were satisfactory. Scale validation indicated that the measure of postformal thinking was not associated with education， occupation， and social desirability. More important， the developmental trajectories of three kinds of cognitive thinking were consistent with previous findings and adult development theories. Further， the correspondently parallel development among postformal thinking， empathy， and creativity were also observed based upon the holistic approach in developmental psychology. Finally， further scale validation and future directions were discussed.