早期青少年認知發展的理論研究及其在教育上的應用

A Theoretical Study of Cognitive Development in Early Adolescence and Its Educational Application

青少年因其成長類型而擴大其差異，其成長類型的一些特徵是個複雜的過程。當年輕的青少年在生理上的發育，發展其體格和更多的運動技巧，身體日漸成熟之際，同時也發展認知的技能。每個成功的經驗擴展他們的世界，他們可以更輕易地處理抽象的觀念。這項研究的目標是植基於年輕的青少年的認知發展，幫助教師的教學和設計積極的教學法。　　實際上，當一個領域的發展助長另一個領域的時候，就產生了複雜和紛亂的過程。舉例而言，當生理的發展產生時，年輕的青少年的自我概念（心理社會發展很重要的一部分）會改變，以反映出一個人發展的形貌。同樣的，發展認知結構會帶來更高層次的思考，以及對個人的生理和心理社會能力更為全面性的了解，和個人應付快速變遷的社會世界之能力。　　依據皮亞傑和布魯納而言，年輕的青少年有不同的認知發展特徵。此外，人類的大腦相當於三個互相連結的生物結構分子，而每一分子皆各有其各自特有的智能、主體性、時間和空間的知覺、記憶和其他的功能。還有，多元智力理論呈現出一個更為廣義的看法。因此，這些研究均探索了年輕的青少年的認知結構，其結果將幫助教師的教學和設計積極的教學方法。

The adolescence to a great extent presents different growth patterns.Several characteristics of the growth patterns in adolescence make this a verycomplex process. As young adolescents mature physically， growing in body sizeand developing more motor skills， there is a concurrent growth in cognitiveskills. Their world widens with each successful experience， and they can dealmore readily with abstract ideas. The purpose of this study is to help teachersto improve instruction and to design effective teaching methods， which arebased on the cognitive development of young adolescent.In reality， a complex and intricate process occurs as one aspect of developmentcontributes to another. For example， as physical development occurs， the youngadolescent's self-concept (a significant part of psychosocial development) changesto reflect one's developing physique. Likewise， the developing cognitivestructures allow higher levels of thinking and an overall better perception ofone's physical and psychosocial abilities as well as one's overall ability tocope with a rapidly changing social world.According to Piaget and Bruner， the young adolescent have different cognitivedevelopmental characteristics. Besides， the human brain amounts to threeinterconnected biological components， each with its own special intelligence，subjectivity， sense of time and space， memory and other functions. Furthermcse，the multiple intelligence theory presents a broader perspective. Thus， thesestudies have explored cognitive structures of young adolescent. These resultswill help teachers to improve instruction and to design effective teachingmethods.