從心理學的第三勢力到第四勢力

20世紀中葉出現的人本心理學乃是對當時主流化約式觀點的反動。基於將健康人格和自我重新帶回心理學的使命，人本心理學在心理治療領域可謂相當成功。然而，人本心理學所強調的自我或自我實現，基本上仍侷限於西方的文化價值觀，而忽略古老傳統文化或非西方文化對於人的觀點。許多（人本）心理學逐漸領悟到欲建立一個更符合人類生活的心理學，有益於心理學的成長，必須將歷史文化背景納入考慮。超個人心理學運動於焉展開。本文的主要目的在於探討人本心理學與超個人心理學的興起與發展，以及這兩個心理學運動對心理學研究的主題與方法的影響。

About mid─twentieth century， humanistic psychology emerged as a protest movement against the reductionistic conceptualizations and practices for mainstream psychology. With its mission to return the healthy personality and the self to psychology， humanistic psychology has been successful in psychotherapy.While humanistic psychology reflects the cultural values of the West， it emphasizes the self or the actualizing person and gives no attention to older cultures and non─Western systems. Many（humanistic）psychologists became aware that it is necessary to pay more explicit attention to the historical and cultural contexts. To encompass the whole human experience， they conceptualized a transpersonal orientation that extended across， through and beyond personal psychological boundaries. Thus， the transpersonal psychology began.The purpose of this article is to present how humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology arose and their influences within psychology.