如何降低誘人細節效應？多媒體教學設計原則的文獻回顧研究

Overcoming Seductive Details Effect: A Review Study of Multimedia Instructional Design Principles

誘人細節是指有趣但與學習目標無關的教材內容。由於誘人細節會吸引學習者的注意力，佔用有限的認知資源，因此容易對多媒體學習產生負面影響。在保留誘人細節作為引發學習動機之功能的情況下，降低誘人細節的負面影響是使用誘人細節常遇到的兩難困境。有研究者嘗試使用信號原則與提示相關／無關內容指導語來解決上述困境。信號原則與提示相關無關內容指導語是兩項原用以引導學習者注意重要學習內容的教學設計原則，近年來偶被用於降低誘人細節效應。由於該取向的研究雖甚重要，但其設計類型多元且研究成果分歧，故回顧與比較相關文獻對於後續學術研究與實務應用有其重要性。有鑑於此，本研究採用文獻回顧法，以搜尋關鍵字與滾雪球法搜尋相關論文；閱讀文獻找出符合篩選標準的重要論文；以分析、歸納與比較來整理核心文獻。研究結果顯示，採用提示相關／無關內容指導語比信號原則更能有效的降低誘人細節效应。其中，概括提示無關內容指導語適用於提醒學習者誘人細節的存在；具體提示相關內容指導語則適用於提醒學習者應關注的學習重點。本研究建議無法排除誘人細節時，設計者應因應不同目的添加合適的提示相關／無關內容指導語，從而降低誘人細節效應。

Seductive details refer to information that is interesting but irrelevant to the learning objectives. Seductive details usually distract learners’attention and take up their limited cognitive resources, and thus have negative influences on multimedia learning. In order to take the benefits of seductive details in motivating learners while reducing their negative effects, some researchers adopted“signaling principle”and“relevance/irrelevance instruction”when designing learning materials.“Signaling principle”and“relevance/irrelevance instruction”are two instructional principles originally proposed to guide learners’attention to important content, and were occasionally adopted to reduce the negative effects of seductive details in recent years. Relevant research on this topic had diversified designs and inconsistent findings. Therefore, reviewing and comparing related literature will be of great inspiration for academic research and practical applications. This study adopts the literature review method to comprehensively review the two instructional principles for reducing seductive details effects, and the results indicated that relevance/irrelevance instruction was more effective than signaling principle in moderating the negative effects of seductive details. In particular, it was found that general-irrelevance instruction is more suitable for reminding learners of the presence of seductive details, while specific-relevance instruction is more suitable for reminding learners to focus on content more relevant to the learning objective. Based on the findings, this study suggests that when it is impossible to exclude all seductive details, relevance/irrelevance instruction could be added according to different learning objectives to avoid the seductive details effect.