面向教育的未來：從系統思考初探教育範式的轉移

Facing the Future of Education: A Preliminary Study on the Shift of Educational Paradigm from Systems Thinking Perspective

近十餘年來，許多學者、各國政府和民間機構、以及一些跨國組織，運用系統思考致力於探討、研議、規劃、和推動教育的未來發展，期能培養有效因應和開創未來世局的國民，有助於營造個人和集體的福祉，維繫社會和全球的持續繁榮。綜觀這方面諸多的努力，一個逐漸浮現的趨勢是新的教育範式的建立和推展。為了解這方面的新近發展，供做國內教育改革和改進教學的參考，文中參考相關文獻提出一個系統思考的三階模型，一方面，用以說明系統思考有別於傳統線性思考的主要原因，是源自思考模式和世界觀的轉變，並指出這樣的轉變不是要造成二元對立，而是要相輔相成、酌情善加運用；另一方面，有助於文中隨後對於國際間有關教育改革的回顧和未來發展的評論，以及進一步認識教育範式轉移的趨勢。最後，總結本文重點，對於國內的教育革新宜如何善用系統思考，提供幾點建議，並指出一些可能面對的挑戰與機會。

For more than a decade, many scholars, governments and non-government institutions, as well as multinational organizations, have used systematic thinking to explore, discuss, plan, and promote the future development of education, with the aim of cultivating citizens who can effectively respond to and create a future world, while contributing to the well-being of individuals and collectives, and maintaining sustained social and global prosperity. Looking at many efforts in this regard, a trend that has gradually emerged is the establishment and promotion of a new educational paradigm. In order to understand recent developments in this area and to provide a reference frame for educational reform and improvement in teaching in Taiwan, the author, referring to existing literature, proposes a three-tier model of systems thinking. It is useful, on the one hand, to illustrate that the main reason why systems thinking is different from the traditional linear thinking is due to the change of the modes of thinking and the worldviews, and to point out that such a change is not meant to create dualistic oppositions, but for them to complement each other and to be appropriately used as the cases may be. On the other hand, the proposed three-tier model of systems thinking is also helpful for understanding the subsequent review of educational reforms and the future development of education from a global perspective, as well as further understanding of the trend of educational paradigm shifts. Finally, the key points of this article are summarized, together with some suggestions on how to make good use of systems thinking in domestic education innovation. The challenges and opportunities for future educational development are also pointed out.