從福特主義到後福特主義及其對高等教育課程之影響

From Fordism to Post-Fordism: Beyond the Change of Production Mode and Its Impact on Higher Education Curriculum

本文旨在探討由「福特主義」轉進「後福特主義」對於生產模式、企業組織與人力需求的影響，及對高等教育，特別是課程方面的衝擊。雖然福特汽車公司在1910年代就率先發展出突破性的生產模式，但是由於1930年代經濟大蕭條所導致的消費不足，福特主義要道了1950到1970年代之間才蓬勃發展。1970年代之後，由於資訊科技、全球化、消費文化的快速發展，各工業國家先後進入後工業時代，生產模式也由福特主義的大量生產轉進以彈性生產為主要模式的後福特主義。由福特主義轉向後福特主義不只是生產模式的改變，更是一種政治和社會的改變，是大學作為一種社會機構及其所在的社會之間權力的重構。本文先探究福特主義和後福特主義的特質，並分析生產模式轉變的社經背景，最後再探討這種轉變對高等教育在課程方面的影響。

In the past two decades， the transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism， with its impact on production made， organizational structure and human resources and consequently， higher education has attracted the attention of many researchers. Although the Fordist production mode was developed in the 1910’s， it was not until the 1950’s that Fordism gained worldwide acceptance and application. The period between the 1950’s and the 1970’s was characterized by mass production， mass employment and mass consumption. However， with the acceleration technology， globalization and consumer culture， Fordism in industrial countries was replaced by Post-Fordism which was featured by flexible production， flexible organization and a new set of competences. After examining the features of Fordism and Post-Fordism， the author argues that the transition is not limited to the change of production mode， it is actually a political and social transformation and will inevitably lead to the restructuring of the relation between society and higher education. The freedom which the university has been granted in inventing and transmitting knowledge， in deciding what to teach and how to teach is teach is losing its ground.