中國大陸孔子學院發展之研究

Study on the Development of Confucius Institutes in Mainland China

中國大陸2004年成立全球第一所孔子學院，致力世界各國人民學習華語之需要，增進對中國語言文化的瞭解。本研究採文件分析法，研究目的如下：一、探討孔子學院全球市場發展策略、辦理模式及課程規畫；二、分析孔子學院面臨之問題；三、探究孔子學院未來可改善之策略，這些策略也可做為我國未來持續推動華語政策之借鏡。研究發現孔子學院面臨以下問題：一、中外合作開辦模式產生的不穩定因素；二、教師以短期外派為主，不利教學經驗累積，且部分教師教學經驗不足；三、教師赴海外任教，面臨語言障礙等困境；四、西方國家認為孔子學院違反學術自由與干涉大學辦學；五、與海外大學合作以及管理上產生的問題；六、缺乏穩定的資金來源與虧損問題；七、部分孔子學院面臨永續發展的問題。另外，為因應外界之批評，2020年中國大陸教育部將孔子學院總部更名為「中外語言交流合作中心」。針對孔子學院面臨之問題，可採取改善策略如下：一、借鑑其他國家文化語言傳播機構的經驗；二、強化青年教師教學技巧以及外語培訓；三、協助外派教師解決面臨的困境；四、改善孔子學院形象，避免干涉學術自由之爭議；五、與外國大學訂定雙方平等互惠原則；六、財政獨立及籌資管道多元化；七、研訂中長期發展計畫與綜合評鑑模式，尋求永續發展之策略。

Since China's implementation of the Confucius Institute (CI) project in 2004, the link between teaching Chinese as a foreign language and the role of China on the international stage has grown in importance. This paper adopts the documentary analysis method. The study objectives are as follows: 1. To explore the global market development strategy, management mode and curriculum planning of the Confucius Institutes. 2. Analyze the problems faced by Confucius Institutes. 3. Explore the strategies that Confucius Institutes can use to improve in the future. These strategies can also be used as a reference for the future directions of Taiwan in promoting Taiwanese culture. This paper attempts to explore the predicaments of CIs, including: 1. unstable factors arising from the start-up model of China-foreign cooperation; 2. teachers mainly have short-term assignments, which is not conducive to the accumulation of teaching experience, and some teachers have insufficient teaching experience; 3. teachers teaching abroad face difficulties such as language barriers; 4. suspicion raised among foreign academics that CIs interfere with academic autonomy and freedom; 5. problems with the co-operation and management of foreign institutes; 6. concerns about the substantial and financial viability of Cis; and 7. some CIs face problems of sustainable development. In addition, in response to external criticism, the Ministry of Education of China changed the name of the Confucius Institute Headquarters to the ＂Center for Language Education and Cooperation＂ in 2020. The findings show that the CI project can be improved by: 1. learning from experience of cultural and language communication agencies in other countries; 2. strengthening young teachers' teaching skills and providing foreign language training; 3. assisting expatriate teachers in solving their problems; 4. improving the image of CIs and avoiding disputes that interfere with academic freedom; 5. establishing the principle of equality and reciprocity with foreign universities; 6. separating CI budgets from university budgets and turning to various funding sources; and 7. developing medium-term and long-term development plans and comprehensive evaluation models, and seeking sustainable development strategies.