如何教中文齦顎擦音［ɕ］：以中文［ɕ］和英文［ʃ］構音比較來佐證

How to Teach Mandarin Alveolo-palatal [ɕ]: Pedagogical Suggestions Based on Articulatory Comparisons of Mandarin [ɕ] and English [ʃ]

對中文為外語之學習者來說，中文齦顎擦音〔ɕ〕的發音是相當困難的。這個輔音常常被英語為母語的中文學習者用英文的〔ʃ〕取代。有的文獻建議教學時只需著重中文〔ɕ〕和英文〔ʃ〕的舌位高低不同，也有文獻強調只需強調唇形差異，抑或有文獻強調教學時舌頭高度和唇形差異都需注意。教學建議歧異可能是因爲學者假設中文〔ɕ〕和英文〔ʃ〕都各只有單一構音型態、而沒有考慮個體變異性。為控制個體變異性，本研究採取直接比較中英雙語人士產製之〔ɕ〕和〔ʃ〕的構音差異。構音資料包括唇顎接觸（使用靜態舌面圖和假顎圖）、舌頭位置（使用超音波影像）、唇形（使用唇部攝影）。研究結果指出，說話者之〔ɕ〕和〔ʃ〕有相同的唇顎接觸型態和舌頭位置、但是不同程度的唇凸度。因此，本文建議在教英語母語人士〔ɕ〕的發音時，可以把中文〔ɕ〕視之為較少唇凸度的英文〔ʃ〕。

"Mandarin alveolo-palatal [ɕ] is a difficult sound for learners of Chinese as a Second Language and is commonly replaced with [ʃ] by English-speaking learners. Various pedagogical instructions have been proposed in the literature: some focus on the difference in tongue height or lip configuration, while others recommend a focus on differences in both articulatory parameters. The divergent pedagogical practices may be due to researchers' comparing＂base of articulation＂characteristics of Mandarin [ɕ] and English [ʃ] that reflect little individual variation. This study took a different approach by comparing the articulations of [ɕ] and [ʃ] produced by bilingual Mandarin-English speakers. The articulations were examined in terms of tongue-palate contact (using the direct linguography and palatography methods), tongue posture (using ultrasound imaging), and lip configuration (using lip videos). The results showed that the two fricatives were produced with the same linguopalatal contact patterns and tongue postures; however, different degrees of lip protrusion were observed. Therefore, we suggest that Mandarin [ɕ] can be taught as English [ʃ] with less lip protrusion."