父母心理控制與成年初顯期子女之社交焦慮：自我分化的中介影響

Associations between Parental Psychological Control and Social Anxiety in Emerging Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Differentiation of Self

本研究旨於針對成年初顯期階段之個體，探討其所知覺之父母心理控制與社交焦慮之關聯，並分別針對男性與女性，探討父母心理控制行為是否會透過個體之自我分化程度，進而影響其社交焦慮情形，且分別檢視自我分化五個向度（情緒化反應、我立場、情緒截斷、與家人融合、與他人融合）之中介效果。研究對象為955位（男性364位、女性591位）18至25歲成年初顯期樣本（平均年齡為21.41歲，標準差為2.47）。本研究以「父母心理控制量表」、「社交焦慮量表」及「自我區分量表」進行測量，並以結構方程模式進行中介效果的分析。結果發現：父母心理控制與社交焦慮之間具有顯著正向關聯，且在男性與女性樣本中，父母心理控制皆顯著地透過自我分化之「情緒化反應」及「與他人融合」向度，進而影響社交焦慮，但自我分化之「情緒截斷」及「與家人融合」向度並沒有中介效果；此外，僅在女性樣本中發現，父母心理控制會透過自我分化之「我立場」向度，進而影響社交焦慮。最後，研究者依據研究結果對輔導實務工作及未來研究方向提出建議。

"The theory of parent-child interaction implies that through repeated and close parent-child interactions, children acquiresocial-behavioral orientations that extend into their interpersonal relationships (Patterson, 2002). Recently, the topic of parentalpsychological control has received much attention in Taiwan. Parental psychological control is defined as the presence ofparenting behaviors that intrude on children’s emotional and psychological autonomy (Barber, 1996) and are manipulativeand intrusive to children’s thoughts and feelings, such as withdrawing one’s love or inducing guilt; such parenting can bepredictive of numerous types of psychological maladaptation in children (Barber & Harmon, 2002). Research has indicated thatpsychologically controlling parental behavior may be linked to internalizing problems, such as higher levels of anxiety (Nandaet al., 2012; Seibel & Johnson, 2001) and lower levels of social consciousness (Baumrind, 1991), in children. Additionally,parental behavior of psychological control may enmesh children into the parents’psychological worlds, may encouragedependency in children, and may inhibit individuation by infantilizing children (Barber & Harmon, 2002).Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage when young people are experimenting with various approaches to livingand gradually moving toward making decisions with long-lasting implications (Arnett, 2000). Self-differentiation is a crucialdevelopmental task in emerging adulthood. According to Erikson’s (1968) psychosocial developmental theory, emerging adultsmust simultaneously cope with the challenges of constructing stable self-identities and developing intimate relationships withothers. Parental psychological control that inhibits individual discovery and expression may be negatively linked to poor egodevelopment and even social maladaptation (Barber & Harmon, 2002). Thus, investigators should investigate how parentalpsychological control interferes with the emerging adult’s progress in establishing a stable identity and maintaining goodinterpersonal relations with others."