輕誚與嚴訓：清游戲主人《笑林廣記》嘲弄命題所體現社會之規訓及意義

Irony and Precepts: Social Precepts Revealed by the Irony in Youxi Zhuren’s Xiaolin Guangji in Qing Dynasty and Their Meanings

本文以游戲主人之《笑林廣記》為研究文本，除了釐清此書初次刊行的年代及與‧初各笑話書間的關係，並藉由與通俗類書中勸戒門類的對照，進而掘發此書於刺諷題旨中所映現社會規範的內涵及意義。此書諷喻之命題有二，其一，觀察社會階級中的失序做為。舉凡庶民習常接觸毋論是官吏文人抑或各式行業，皆在作者批評的視角內，在其中更辨分出職業兼具義務及利益的不同面向，指出當嗜利而忘卻義務時就會驅使個人偏離倫序，不僅可笑更造成社會的不安，也成了各式道德勸喻的負面註解；其二，嘲啁因個人形體心性所造成的脫序言行。在立場上則以具優越感的男性視角，嘲笑弱勢族群、窺探他人性事，實有悖於文明社會分工互助的精神，宣洩著食色的獸性，顯現隱蔽於人性中的殘忍本質，與當時之訓戒或即或離：一方面雖悖於當時以仁待人之勸喻，另一方面卻也因著體貼自我，對觸犯各式性慾規範的當事人有著更多的體諒。《笑林廣記》真實反映出個人對群居社會的需求，故主張需踐履義務，卻又想滿足私人的慾望，而侵害他人權益的衝突心理，標識出清初庶民文化及思維之特質。

This study analyzes Xiaolin Guangji by Youxi Zhuren to identify the year of its first publication and investigate the relationship among joke books in the early Qing dynasty. By comparing Xiaolin Guangji against the works in the precept category of popular literature, the irony in Xiaolin Guangji, which reflected the social norms at the time, was revealed. Two propositions are established regarding irony in Xiaolin Guangji. First, disorder among social classes is demonstrated through irony. Government officials and various types of workers are all criticized by the author. The author also highlights the obligations and interests of various professions and implies that people went against ethical order when they became obsessed with their own interests and neglected their obligations. Such a situation could also cause social unease and become a negative example of moral suasion. Second, deviant words and behavior caused by human nature are ironized. The stories are narrated from a privileged male perspective; the male protagonists laughs at commoners and spies on the sex life of others. The actions of the protagonist contradict the ideas of collaboration and mutual assistance in civil society and demonstrate the animalistic desires that portray the cruelty hidden in human nature. Such protagonists deviate from the precept of treating others with kindness but, to be kind to themselves, tolerate those who went violated the sexual norms. Xiaolin Guangji reflects the human need for community and reveals the psychological conflicts experienced by people when they attempted to fulfil their civic duties while satisfying personal desires, which led to them infringing upon the rights of others. Thus, Xiaolin Guangji presents the culture and thinking of everyday people in the early Qing dynasty.