情緒勞務策略組型及其與相關因素之關係：質、量觀點的個人中心分析

Emotional Labor Strategy Profiles and Theirs Relationship with Related Factors: From the Perspectives of the Quality/Quantity

過去情緒勞務策略研究多採變項中心，甚少採個人中心，然有學者認為採個人中心分析能更貼近真實狀況，並依情緒勞務策略組型的適應性提出實務建議，具較佳生態效度與實務價值，以補變項中心研究不足。其次，學者主張與過去研究顯示個人中心分析可以質、量觀點分類與比較組型，能更有意義、系統的了解不同組型之差異，有助進一步釐清組型差異的關鍵。故本研究採個人中心分析，並以質（基於情緒勞務策略為多向度，有適應性與不適應性情緒勞務策略品質的考量）、量（基於情緒勞務策略理論、資源保存理論）觀點，抽取970名台灣國中教師（男生347人，女生623人）為樣本，採用情緒勞務策略、教師工作認同、教師工作情緒、工作滿意度、工作倦怠量表，並進行集群分析、區別分析、多變量變異數分析，來探討教師情緒勞務策略組型及其與組織認同、角色認同、工作情緒、工作滿意度、工作倦怠之關係。研究結果顯示：（1）情緒勞務策略組型有高量、低量、高質、低質四種組型；（2）組織、角色認同能預測情緒勞務策略組型；（3）整體而言，情緒勞務策略組型在工作情緒、工作滿意度、工作倦怠的差異顯示：高質組最適應性；低質組最不適應性；低量、高量組適應性介於高質、低質組之間，支持「質」的觀點，即以質（重視情緒勞務策略組型品質）較量（重視情緒勞務策略組型的量）之觀點能解釋情緒勞務策略組型在工作情緒、工作滿意度、工作倦怠的適應情形。本研究首度採個人中心分析國內教師情緒勞務策略組型及其與相關變項之關係，學術研究上，不僅突破過去變項中心分析的限制，並依結果提供實務建議：教師需留意情緒勞務策略組型品質，更勝情緒勞務策略組型的量，增加適應性情緒勞務策略的同時，亦應減少不適應性情緒勞務策略，藉此提升工作正向情緒、工作滿意度，並降低負向情緒、工作倦怠。其次，教育單位可透過課程，引導教師重視情緒勞務策略組型的品質，及如何使用高品質情緒勞務策略組型，以適應工作。

Most studies on emotional labor strategies have adopted a variable-centered analysis rather than a person-oriented analysis. However, some scholars (Chang et al., 2018; Cossette & Hess, 2015; Hülsheger & Schewe, 2011) have contended that exploring emotional labor strategy profiles and their adaptability in real situations by using a person-oriented analysis, which can compensate for deficiencies of variable-centered analysis, has more ecological validity and practical value. Furthermore, some scholars (Chang, 2018; Vansteenkiste et al., 2009; Wang & Hanges, 2011) have demonstrated that rather than a variable-oriented analysis emphasizing the quality or quantity of variables, a person-oriented analysis stresses the quality and quantity of profiles by classifying and comparing profiles from the perspectives of quality and quantity, which can not only determine differences among profiles more meaningfully and systematically but also clarify the key reasons for differences in profiles more distinctly. Moreover, teachers perform emotional labor (Hochschild, 1983; Yin, 2015), and thus, understanding their emotional labor strategies is crucial. Therefore, this study adopted a person-oriented analysis to analyze teachers' emotional labor strategy profiles from the perspective of quality and quantity and their relationships with antecedent variables (organizational identification and role identification) and outcome variables (job emotions, job satisfaction, and job burnout). In accordance with scholars who have used person-oriented analyses (Marsh et al., 2009; Vansteenkiste et al., 2009; Wang & Hanges, 2011), this study inferred that teachers' emotional labor strategy profiles can be classified into four different quality/ quantity profiles: high maladaptive (surface acting) and high adaptive (deep acting/expression of naturally felt emotions) emotional labor strategies belong to the high-quantity group (high surface acting/high deep acting/high expression of naturally felt emotions); low maladaptive (surface acting) and low adaptive (deep acting/expression of naturally felt emotions) emotional labor strategies belong to the low-quantity group (low surface acting/low deep acting/low expression of naturally felt emotions); low maladaptive (surface acting) and high adaptive (deep acting/expression of naturally felt emotions) emotional labor strategies belong to the good-quality group (low surface acting/high deep acting/high expression of naturally felt emotions); and high maladaptive (surface acting) and low adaptive (deep acting/expression of naturally felt emotions) emotional labor strategies belong to the poor-quality group (high surface acting/low deep acting/low expression of naturally felt emotions). Concerning the relationships of emotional labor strategy profiles with organizational and role identification, on the basis of social identity theory (Ashforth & Mael, 1989) and past studies (Demir, 2015; Newman et al., 2016; Uzun, 2018), this study deduced that the organizational identification emphasized in Western society might predict emotional labor strategy profiles. Grounded in domestic Taiwanese research (Hsu & Huang, 2009; Hwang, 2004; Yen & Hwang, 2011) and relevant studies (Brotheridge & Lee, 2002; Hou et al., 2015; Lin & Shao, 2009), this study inferred that the role identification stressed in Eastern culture also predicts emotional labor strategy profiles. Accordingly, organizational and role identification might predict emotional labor strategy profiles. This study investigated the differences in emotional labor strategy profiles on job emotions, job satisfaction, and job burnout from the perspectives of quality and quantity. From the perspective of quantity, based on emotional labor strategy theory (Hochschild, 1983; Diefendorff et al., 2005) and conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989), emotional labor strategies are workers' emotional regulation strategies for following emotional expression rules at work; thus, the higher the quantity of emotional labor strategies adopted, the more psychological effort is spent on emotional regulation and the more inner resources are lost, which leads to work maladaptation. Specifically, the higher the quantity of emotional labor strategy profiles adopted, the higher the degree of work maladaptation. Accordingly, the adaptive variables (positive emotions and job satisfaction) of the good-quality group might be greater than those of the high-quantity group; those of the poor-quality group might be smaller than those of the low-quantity group; those of the good-quality group might be equal to those of the poor-quality group; those of the good-quality group might be smaller than those of the low-quantity group; those of the poor-quality group might be greater than those of the high-quantity group; and those of the good-quality group might be smaller than those of the low-quantity group. Differences in emotional labor strategy profiles on maladaptive variables (negative emotions and job burnout) produced results that were the direct opposite of the aforementioned results. From the perspective of quality, grounded in the multiple dimensions of emotional labor strategies (Hochschild, 1983; Diefendorff et al., 2005), surface acting is maladaptive (poor quality), and deep acting and expression of naturally felt emotions are adaptive (good quality); thus, adaptive deep acting and expression of naturally felt emotions increase the adaptation of the profiles, whereas surface acting reduces their adaptation. Accordingly, the adaptive variables (positive emotions and job satisfaction) of the good-quality group might be greater than those of the high-quantity group; those of the poor-quality group might be smaller than those of the low-quantity group; those of the high-quantity group might be equal to those of the low-quantity group; those of the good-quality group might be greater than those of the poor-quality group; those of the good-quality group might be greater than those of the low-quantity group; and those of the poor-quality group might be smaller than those of the high-quantity group. Differences in emotional labor strategy profiles on maladaptive variables (negative emotions and job burnout) produced results that were the direct opposite of the aforementioned results. This study explored whether the quality or quantity perspective better explains the difference in emotional labor strategy profiles on job emotions, job satisfaction, and job burnout. In sum, this study adopted a person-oriented analysis from the perspectives of quality (based on multidimensional emotional labor strategies, namely adaptive and maladaptive) and quantity (based on emotional labor strategy theory and conservation of resources theory) to explore teachers' emotional labor strategy profiles and their relationship with organizational identification, role identification, job emotions, job satisfaction, and job burnout. The participants were 970 Taiwanese junior high school teachers (347 men and 623 women). An emotional labor strategy scale, teacher job identification scale, teacher job emotions scale, job satisfaction scale, and job burnout scale were adopted; cluster analyses, discriminant analyses, and analyses of variance were performed. The following results were obtained: (a) cluster analyses of teachers' emotional labor strategy profiles revealed four profiles: a high-quantity group, a low-quantity group, a good-quality group, and a poor-quality group; (b) organizational identification and role identification predicted emotional labor strategy profiles; and (c) generally, the difference in emotional labor strategy profiles on job emotions, job satisfaction, and job burnout demonstrated that the good-quality group was the most adaptive, the poor-quality group was the most maladaptive, and the adaptation of the high- and low-quantity groups was between that of the good- and poor-quality groups. The results supported the perspective of quality; specifically, the emphasis of quality but not the quantity of emotional labor strategy profiles could better explain the difference in emotional labor strategy profiles on job emotions, job satisfaction, and job burnout. The study first adopted a person-oriented analysis from the perspectives of quality and quantity to explore teachers' emotional labor strategy profiles and their relationship with related factors, which not only addressed the limits of past studies that adopted variable-centered analyses but also provided practical suggestions. For example, teachers should pay attention to the quality rather than quantity of such profiles by upgrading their adaptive emotional labor strategies and reducing maladaptive emotional labor strategies simultaneously to promote positive emotions and job satisfaction as well as reduce negative emotions and job burnout. Furthermore, educational authorities can guide teachers in using good-quality emotional labor strategy profiles to adapt to work by developing teacher training courses.