以性別平等觀點探索國家發展之研究

Research on National Development from the Perspective of Gender Equality

現有研究建構國家發展指標已有不少，然而以性別平等觀點進行研究者缺乏。本研究以性別平等觀點建構國家發展指數，對170個國家排名與國家發展分類，從UNDP（2021）的統計資料，透過標準化Z分數、集群分析與區別分析，結論顯示：一、先進國家的性別平等指數排名在前，落後國家都排名在後，排前五名為冰島、瑞士、挪威、紐西蘭、加拿大都是先進國家，而排最後五名為幾內亞、布吉納法索、查德、阿富汗、葉門都是非洲、中東的落後或開發中國家。二、性別平等指數穩定性高，除了政治發展的性別平等之外，社會與教育的性別平等指數與性別不平等指數顯著高度相關。三、170個國家分為性別平等發展穩定、發展不均及發展不良國家，各有86個、59個、25個，分法準確度為95.54%；三類型國家除了在政治發展的性別平等沒有明顯差異之外，在教育與經濟的性別平等都有明顯不同。四、在170個國家中，臺灣的性別平等指數排第20名，被分為性別平等發展穩定國家，男性高出女性國民所得0.34倍。然而在所有國家平均的男性高出女性國民所得0.99倍。顯然，臺灣不僅男性低薪，而且男性高於女性國民所得倍數不大。本研究貢獻在於從性別平等觀點分析國家發展，突破原先以經濟、教育、社會、科技、健康與幸福感的分析面向，可應用與解釋各國性別平等的發展。

There are many existing studies on the construction of national development indicators, but there is a lack of research from the perspective of gender equality. This study constructs a national development index from the perspective of gender equality, and ranks and classifies 170 countries. From the data of UNDP (2021), through standardized Z scores, cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA, the conclusions showed that: 1. Gender equality index of the advanced countries are ranked first, and the backward countries were all ranked at the bottom. The top five were Iceland, Switzerland, Norway, New Zealand, and Canada were all advanced countries, while the bottom five were Guinea, Burkina Faso, Chad, Afghanistan and Yemen were developing countries in Africa and the Middle East. 2. The gender equality index was highly stable. In addition to the gender equality of political development, the gender equality index of society and education was significantly correlated with the GII index. 3. 170 countries can be divided into gender equality, stable development, uneven development and poor development, each with 86, 59, and 25 countries. The accuracy of the three categories was 95.54%. The three types of countries were not only gender equality in political development, and the three types of countries had significant differences in gender equality in education and economy. 4. Among 170 countries, Taiwan’s gender equality index ranks 20th, and is classified as a country with stable gender equality and development. The national income of men was 0.34 times higher than that of women. However, in all countries, men are 0.99 times higher than women in national income. Obviously, not only are men paid low-pay, but men are not much higher than women’s national income multiples in Taiwan. The contributions of this study was to analyze national development from the perspective of gender equality, break through the original analysis of economy, education, society, technology, health and happiness, and apply and explain the development of gender equality in various countries.