日本現今義務教育階段課綱發展過程之研究

Research on the Development Process of Japanese Curriculum Guidelines in Compulsory Education

本研究透過文獻分析，歸納及解析日本有關學習指導要領與教育發展變遷歷程、政策變革、相關法令，以及現行學習指導要領的內涵。主要的目的有三；一、探討學習指導要領（課綱）的背景；二、分析學習指導要領（課綱）的變遷；三、現行指導要領的內涵及其特質。為了確實維持或達到某種教育水準及確保教育機會均等與內容的中立性，日本頒定了具有法律約束性的課程內容標準，以達成學校教育的目標、教育內容的標準及教育活動之總合計畫，是學習指導要領的訂定背景。學習指導要領為日本學校教育系統的教育課程依據準則。隨著時代變化與不同的教育問題，約以10年為一週期，進行修訂建構符合國家社會發展的教育課程綱要。現行的課綱因應國際化及資訊化有密切之關聯。放眼國際的同時，強調學生為學習的主體，注重愛鄉愛國，扎根本土的必要性。為此，透過義務教育階段學校教育課程的統整與特定之時間與內容，達到強化日本國民的行為規範與愛國意識的教育目的。

In the current study, first-hand data have been collected and analyzed to introduce and explain the evolving educational system, changes in polices, as well as the relevant laws related to the course of study. The purpose of the current study is threefold. The first aim is to understand the context of the curriculum guidelines. Secondly, it analyzes the changes in study guidance (curriculum guidelines). The second aim is to study the developmental process of course of study (curriculum guidelines). Finally, the features and factors of the curriculum guidelines are discussed. The results show that to maintain the quality of education, while ensuring equality of educational opportunity and neutrality of textbook content, the Japanese government has promulgated the standards for course content so as to fulfill the goal of school education, standard educational content, and overall planning for educational activities. This is the context for the establishment course of study. The curriculum guidelines are currently the norm for the curriculum in Japanese schools. The Central Council for Education, a designated organization, reviews the guidelines based on contemporary trends and various issues. Also, the structure of the guidelines is adjusted according to the Council’s reports and educational theories. The educational guidelines are amended every ten years to keep up with the development of the nation and society. In recent years, the adjustments have been closely related to the trends of internalization and informatization. While building a global perspective, it is necessary to emphasize student autonomy, love for the country, and awareness of local culture. The integration of school curriculum in compulsory education as well as the specific schedule and content establish the norms and patriotic awareness of Japanese citizens.