建構儒釋道喪禮儀式的悲傷療癒歷程模式

The Grief Healing Model of the Funeral Rituals Based on Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism

喪禮儀式是許多人在面對親人死亡時，幫助其度過悲傷階段，具有減輕喪親之痛、達到療癒之效。目前悲傷療癒理論，多以西方學者提出為主，國內關於悲傷療癒理論的本土化研究，主要聚焦在悲傷影響因素、悲傷調適任務或哀悼經驗分析。但目前少有研究，是針對儒釋道喪禮儀式，如何幫助喪親者 完成悲傷療癒。故本文最主要目的為提出「儒釋道喪禮儀式的悲傷療癒歷程模式」，此歷程提出倫理關係和諧下會產生的心理反應、喪禮儀式中的因應方式與達成的悲傷任務及悲傷療癒。其中倫理關係和諧就是要實踐儒釋道文化下的關係倫理，包括與往生者以及與天鬼神的倫理關係和諧。產生的心理 反應是悲傷失落、不捨不忍、尊敬致誠、順應崇拜與敬畏害怕。在喪禮儀式中的因應方式則有招魂復禮、沫浴拜飯、哭踊設飾、啟殯下葬、卒哭祔祭、安神主牌與按時祭祀。達成的悲傷任務分別是：（1）接納失落事實（2）體驗悲傷之苦（3）適應往生者不存在的事實（4）在新生活中找到並持續與 往生者有嶄新的連結。悲傷療癒的內容有盡孝盡仁、慎終追遠、轉化悲傷與持續連結。此歷程可說明在儒釋道文化下的喪禮儀式，因為達到儒家倫理療癒，進而對喪親者如何產生悲傷療癒。最後本文提出討論與建議及未來研究的方向。

 

"Death" is an issue that people can’t avoid discussing, and funeral rituals can help the bereaved overcome the sadness and lessen the suffering when facing the death of a loved one. Currently, most grief healing theories are proposed by Western scholars. In Taiwan, most domestic grief healing theories discuss the influential factors of grief, the task adjustments of grief, and the analysis of condolence experiences. However, little research focuses on how the bereaved go through funeral rituals to find peace. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to propose ""The Grief Healing Model of the Funeral Rituals of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism (GHMFRCTB)"". In this model, the fundamental issue is to put Confucian ethical healing into practice in our daily life, which includes the harmonious ethic relationship with the deceased, the ghost, and God. The psychological reaction to grief in the culture of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism would be sorrow, reluctance, respect, compliance, and awe. The coping skills of the funeral rituals would be spiritual return, bathing and providing meals, mourning, burial, Tsu-Ku-Fu-Chi, setting memorial tablets, and worshiping regularly. ""Spiritual return"" means to let the soul of the deceased return to their body and realize the truth that their relatives passed away. ""Bathing and providing meals"" means that the bereaved treat the deceased with respect and not to lose that because of death. ""Mourning"" means the bereaved should follow the tradition rules to express condolence. In this situation, people won’t hurt themselves because of too much sadness. ""Burial"" means the deceased are accompanied by the bereaved to the graveyard and are buried. It also means the bereaved and the deceased have been separated, not to interfere with each other anymore. ""Tsu-Ku-Fu-Chi"" means the worship after burying. It indicates that the deceased change from human to Gods and bless the descendants. ""Setting memorial tablets"" means welcoming the part of the soul of the deceased back home. It shows that life is endless and the bereaved can remember their ancestors through memorial tablets. ""Worshiping regularly"" means designing the different rituals according to the seasons in order to express their missing. The four tasks of grieving are to accept the reality of the loss, to work through the pain and grief, to adjust to a new environment, and to find an enduring connection with the deceased while moving forward with life. The sign of recovery from grief would be filial piety, ancestor-venerating, grief relief, and continuing bonds. ""Filial piety"" means to treat the parents and the deceased well during funeral rituals, which is according to the conventional rules to finish funerals completely. ""Ancestor-venerating"" means teaching people not to forget their ancestors and origins; then, family members can appreciate their ancestors’ contributions naturally. ""Grief relief"" means using funeral rituals to let the bereaved realize and accept the truth that their relatives passed away and mitigate the sadness in their mind. ""Continuing bonds"" means offering many kinds of sacrifices to gods or ancestors to regularly maintain the relationship with ancestors. Furthermore, funeral rituals could create meaning-making and utilize the values of Confucian culture to release and modulate suffering, in order to maintain the ethical order of the family and keep their ethical relationship in harmony. In this way, the bereaved and the deceased can continue to maintain their relationship and show the ability to create harmonious ethical relationships meaningfully. In conclusion, the GHMFRCTB could offer explanations to the healing effects caused by funeral rituals of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Finally, the possible clinical applications and directions for future research are suggested.